Changes in the gut microbial composition of the sow during lactation may influence the gut microbial colonization in their offspring, for which less information was available in the literature. This study aimed to assess: 1) the changes that occur in the bacterial and fungal communities in sow feces during the 28-day lactation period as well as in gastric and cecal digesta of piglets until one week after weaning, and 2) bacterial and fungal taxa in cecal digesta of the piglets postweaning that associate with fecal consistency. Aside from sow milk, piglets had access to creep feed from day of life (DoL) 3. Fecal samples from sows for microbial analysis were collected (n=20) on days postpartum (DPP) 1, 6, 13, 20 and 27, as well as from weaned piglets for fecal scoring on DoL 30 and 34. Gastric and cecal digesta of piglets was collected on DoL3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 31 and 35 (n=5/sex/DoL). Progressing lactation affected bacterial and fungal communities in sow feces, including 10.3- and 3.0-fold increases in the relative abundances of Lactobacillus from DPP1 to 6 and Kazachstania from DPP1 to 13, respectively (P < 0.001). Although time- and gut site-related differences existed, bacterial and fungal taxa found in sow feces were also present in gastric and cecal digesta of piglets, which supports their role for gut colonization in neonatal piglets. In piglets, bacterial and fungal alpha-diversities showed certain fluctuations during the suckling period, whereby weaning affected more the fungal than bacterial diversity at both gut sites (P < 0.05). At both gut sites, Lactobacillus largely increased from DoL3 to 7 and remained a dominating taxon until DoL35 (P < 0.05). Postweaning, plant-glycan fermenters (e.g., Prevotella-9) seemed to replace milk-glycan fermenting Fusobacterium and Bacteroides (P < 0.05). In gastric and cecal digesta, Kazachstania, Tausonia, Candida and Blumeria were dominating fungi from DoL3 to 35, with Kazachstania becoming even more dominant postweaning (P < 0.001). Fecal consistency was softer on DoL34 than 30 (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis identified that softer feces were linked to the relative abundances of plant-glycan and proteolytic bacterial taxa including pathobionts (e.g., Clostridium sensu stricto) in the cecum on DoL34. However, the potential association between cecal mold and plant-pathogenic fungi Talaromyces, Mrakia, and Blumeria and softer feces are worth to investigate in the future in relation to (gut) health of piglets.

中文翻译：

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母猪粪便中细菌和真菌微生物组的泌乳相关动力学以及哺乳仔猪和新断奶仔猪的肠道定植


哺乳期母猪肠道微生物组成的变化可能会影响其后代的肠道微生物定植，而文献中提供的信息较少。本研究旨在评估：1） 28 天哺乳期母猪粪便中细菌和真菌群落以及仔猪胃和盲肠消化物中发生的变化，直到断奶后一周，以及 2） 断奶后仔猪盲肠消化物中与粪便稠度相关的细菌和真菌分类群。除了母猪奶外，仔猪还可以获得出生日（DoL）3的爬行饲料。在产后 （DPP） 1、6、13、20 和 27 天收集母猪粪便样本 （n=20） 进行微生物分析，并在 DoL 30 和 34 收集断奶仔猪粪便样本进行粪便评分。在 DoL3 、 7 、 14 、 21 、 28 、 31 和 35 上收集仔猪的胃和盲肠消化物 （n=5 /性别/DoL）。泌乳期的进展影响了母猪粪便中的细菌和真菌群落，其中乳酸菌的相对丰度从 DPP1 增加到 6 和 Kazachstania 从 DPP1 到 13 分别增加了 10.3 倍和 3.0 倍（P < 0.001）。尽管存在与时间和肠道部位相关的差异，但在母猪粪便中发现的细菌和真菌分类群也存在于仔猪的胃和盲肠消化物中，这支持它们在新生仔猪肠道定植中的作用。在仔猪中，细菌和真菌的α多样性在哺乳期表现出一定的波动，断奶对两个肠道部位的真菌多样性的影响大于细菌多样性（P < 0.05）。在两个肠道部位，乳酸菌在很大程度上从 DoL3 增加到 7，并且在 DoL35 之前一直是优势分类群 （P < 0.05）。断奶后，植物聚糖发酵罐（例如，Prevotella-9）似乎取代了乳聚糖发酵梭杆菌属和拟杆菌属（P < 0.05）。在胃和盲肠消化菌中，Kazachstania、Tausonia、Candida 和 Blumeria 在 DoL3 到 DoL35 的真菌中占主导地位，其中 Kazachstania 在断奶后变得更加占主导地位 （P < 0.001）。DoL34 的粪便稠度比 DoL34 的 30 更柔软 （P < 0.05）。相关性分析发现，较软的粪便与 DoL34 盲肠中植物聚糖和蛋白水解细菌类群的相对丰度有关，包括致病菌（例如，狭义梭菌）。然而，盲肠霉菌与植物病原真菌 Talaromyces、Mrakia 和 Blumeria 以及较软的粪便之间的潜在关联值得在未来与仔猪的（肠道）健康进行研究。