Complex multicellular organisms have evolved in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Oxygen is therefore essential for all aerobic organisms including plants, for energy production through cellular respiration. However, plants can experience hypoxia following extreme flooding events and also under aerated conditions in proliferative organs or tissues characterized by high oxygen consumption. When oxygen availability is compromised, plants adopt different strategies to cope with hypoxia and limited aeration. A common feature among different plant species is the activation of an anaerobic fermentative metabolism to provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to maintain cellular homeostasis under hypoxia. Fermentation also requires many sugar substrates, which is not always feasible, and alternative metabolic strategies are thus needed. Recent findings have also shown that the hypoxic metabolism is also active in specific organs or tissues of the plant under aerated conditions. Here, we describe the regulatory mechanisms that control the metabolic strategies of plants and how they enable them to thrive despite challenging conditions. A comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the genetic and physiological components underlying hypoxic metabolism should help to provide opportunities to improve plant resilience under the current climate change scenario.

中文翻译：

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低氧植物的代谢策略


复杂的多细胞生物是在富氧大气中进化而来的。因此，氧气对于包括植物在内的所有好氧生物都是必不可少的，它通过细胞呼吸产生能量。然而，植物在极端洪水事件后以及在以高耗氧为特征的增殖器官或组织中的充气条件下也会经历缺氧。当氧气供应受到影响时，植物会采用不同的策略来应对缺氧和通气受限。不同植物物种之间的一个共同特征是激活厌氧发酵代谢以提供三磷酸腺苷 （ATP） 以维持缺氧下的细胞稳态。发酵还需要许多糖底物，这并不总是可行的，因此需要替代代谢策略。最近的研究结果还表明，在通气条件下，低氧代谢在植物的特定器官或组织中也很活跃。在这里，我们描述了控制植物代谢策略的调节机制，以及它们如何使它们在具有挑战性的条件下茁壮成长。对低氧代谢的遗传和生理成分的全面机制理解应该有助于为在当前气候变化情景下提高植物的复原力提供机会。