Gendered burdens are experiences of coercive and controlling state actions that directly regulate gendered bodies, labor, and identity. It’s not simply about preventing access to rights and benefits, it’s about control and coercion. Gendered burdens generate gender inequality through four mechanisms. First, administrative burdens regulate reproductive bodies, legitimating the state’s direct control over reproductive health care, including abortions, with consequent implications for peoples’ health. Second, burdens require reproductive labor, shifting unpaid and underpaid reproductive labor onto women as the policies that support such labor tend to have high administrative burden that impede access. Third, gendered burdens restrict reproductive labor, impeding the right to provide such care labor with dignity, by exerting control over how, and sometimes whether, care is performed, including in rights-granting venues, like redistributive benefits, and rights-depriving venues, like the supervision of families by child protective services. Fourth, burdens regulate gendered identities, reinforcing heteronormative and cis-normative constructions of gender, including by directly controlling gender identification. While gendered burdens are not only experienced by women, they are most strongly applied to poor and racially marginalized groups of women. These claims provide a basis for public administration scholarship to connect with feminist theory by illustrating the centrality of administrative processes and related experiences to structural patterns of inequality.

中文翻译：

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性别化行政负担：规范性别化的身体、劳动和身份


性别负担是直接规范性别化身体、劳动和身份的强制性和控制性国家行动的经历。这不仅仅是为了阻止获得权利和福利，而是为了控制和胁迫。性别负担通过四种机制产生性别不平等。首先，行政负担规范生殖机构，使国家对生殖保健（包括堕胎）的直接控制合法化，从而对人们的健康产生影响。其次，负担需要生殖劳动，将无偿和低薪的生殖劳动转移到女性身上，因为支持此类劳动的政策往往具有很高的行政负担，阻碍了获得。第三，性别负担限制了生殖劳动，阻碍了有尊严地提供这种照料劳动的权利，因为它控制了照料的执行方式，有时还控制了照料的执行方式，包括在赋予权利的场所，如再分配福利，以及剥夺权利的场所，如儿童保护服务机构对家庭的监督。第四，负担规范性别认同，加强异性恋规范和顺式规范的性别建构，包括直接控制性别认同。虽然性别负担不仅发生在女性身上，而且最强烈地适用于贫困和种族边缘化的妇女群体。这些主张通过说明行政流程和相关经验在不平等的结构性模式中的中心地位，为公共管理学术与女权主义理论建立联系提供了基础。