Spontaneous plant communities have undergone considerable constraints due to human‐mediated changes. Understanding how plant communities are shifting in response to land management and climate changes is necessary to predict future ecosystem functioning and improve the resilience of managed ecosystems, such as agroecosystems. Using Mediterranean weed communities as models of managed plant communities in a climate change hotspot, we quantified the extent to which they have shifted from the 1980s to the 2020s in response to climate and management changes in vineyards. The weed communities of the same 40 vineyards in the Montpellier region were surveyed using the same protocol in spring, summer, and autumn, for two years, with a 40‐year interval (1978–1979 vs. 2020–2021). In four decades, the annual range of temperatures (i.e., the difference between the warmest month's and the coldest month's mean temperatures) increased by 1.2°C and the summer temperatures by 2°C. Weed management diversified over time with the adoption of mowing that replaced the chemical weeding of interrows. Chemical weeding is now mostly limited to the area under the row. Current weed communities were 41% more abundant, 24% more diverse, and with a less even distribution of abundance across species than the 1980s communities at the vineyard level. Modern communities were composed of more annual species (57% of annual species in the 1980s vs. 80% in the 2020s) with lower community‐weighted seed mass and were composed of fewer C4 species. They had higher community‐weighted specific leaf area, higher leaf dry matter content, and lower leaf area than the 1980s weed communities. At the community level, the onset of flowering was earlier and the duration of flowering was longer in the 2020s. Climate change induced more stress‐tolerant communities in the 2020s while the diversification of weed management practices favored less ruderal communities. This study shows that plant communities are shifting in response to climate change and that land management is a strong lever for action to model more diverse and eventually more desirable weed communities in the future.

中文翻译：

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40 多年来的气候和管理变化推动了葡萄园中更多耐压和不那么粗俗的杂草群落


由于人类介导的变化，自发植物群落经历了相当大的限制。了解植物群落如何响应土地管理和气候变化而变化，对于预测未来的生态系统功能和提高受管理的生态系统（如农业生态系统）的复原力是必要的。使用地中海杂草群落作为气候变化热点地区管理植物群落的模型，我们量化了它们从 1980 年代到 2020 年代为响应葡萄园的气候和管理变化而转变的程度。在春季、夏季和秋季，使用相同的方案对蒙彼利埃地区同一 40 个葡萄园的杂草群落进行了为期两年的调查，间隔 40 年（1978-1979 年与 2020-2021 年）。在四十年中，年温差（即最热月份和最冷月份平均气温之间的差异）增加了 1.2°C，夏季气温增加了 2°C。 随着时间的推移，杂草管理多样化，采用割草取代了行间的化学除草。化学除草现在主要限于行下区域。与 1980 年代葡萄园级别的群落相比，目前的杂草群落丰度高出 41%，多样性高出 24%，物种间的丰度分布更不均匀。现代群落由更多的一年生物种组成（1980 年代占一年生物种的 57%，而 2020 年代为 80%），群落加权种子质量较低，由 C4 物种组成。与 1980 年代的杂草群落相比，它们具有更高的群落加权比叶面积、更高的叶干物质含量和更低的叶面积。在群落层面，2020 年代开花开始较早，开花持续时间较长。 气候变化在 2020 年代导致了更耐压的社区，而杂草管理实践的多样化有利于不那么粗鲁的社区。这项研究表明，植物群落正在为应对气候变化而变化，而土地管理是采取行动的有力杠杆，以在未来塑造更多样化并最终更理想的杂草群落。