OBJECTIVE To undertake a systematic review of the medical literature on telesurgery, with a key focus on identifying the key technical and non-technical themes searched in medical articles and to analyze gaps in the current knowledge base on telesurgery. BACKGROUND It has now been over two decades since the first successful case of telesurgery and since this time there have been significant technological and telecommunications advancements. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Details of the protocol for this systematic review were registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024511530). RESULTS In total, 102 unique references which were allocated into five categories; technical, cybersecurity, ethical, financial, regulatory considerations to discuss key themes. The vast majority of references were related to technical considerations which have demonstrated the feasibility of telesurgery. The non-technical considerations have a paucity of literature and a lack of guidance on telesurgery which appears to still be the major barriers to telesurgery. CONCLUSIONS Telesurgery presents many interdisciplinary challenges, encompassing both important technical and non-technical (such as cybersecurity, ethical, financial, and regulatory) considerations. Further research, collaboration between stakeholders, collaborative community of experts, and the development of comprehensive consensus frameworks are essential steps toward the widespread adoption of telesurgery.

中文翻译：

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远程手术：系统文献综述和未来方向。


目的 对远程手术的医学文献进行系统评价，重点是确定医学文章中搜索的关键技术和非技术主题，并分析当前远程手术知识库中的差距。背景 自从第一个成功的远程手术案例以来，已经过去了二十多年，从那时起，技术和电信取得了重大进步。方法 根据系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目 （PRISMA） 声明完成文献的系统评价。本系统综述的方案细节已在 PROSPERO （CRD42024511530） 上注册。结果 总共有 102 篇独特的参考文献被分为五类;技术、网络安全、道德、财务、监管考虑因素来讨论关键主题。绝大多数参考文献与技术考虑有关，这证明了远程手术的可行性。非技术性考虑缺乏文献，也缺乏关于远程手术的指导，这似乎仍然是远程手术的主要障碍。结论 远程外科手术提出了许多跨学科挑战，包括重要的技术和非技术 （如网络安全、伦理、财务和监管） 考虑因素。进一步的研究、利益相关者之间的合作、专家协作社区以及全面共识框架的开发是广泛采用远程手术的重要步骤。