Safety aspects of chemicals/materials are transversal in all sustainability dimensions, representing a pillar at the early innovation stages of the European Commission's “safe and sustainable by design” (SSbD) framework for chemicals and materials. The first three of the five SSbD framework steps cover different safety aspects, namely, hazard assessment based on intrinsic properties (step 1), occupational health and safety (including exposure) assessment during the production/processing phase (step 2) and exposure in the final application phase (step 3). The goal of this work was to identify a set of characterization tools/procedures to support the operationalization of the first three safety steps in multi-component nanomaterials (MCNMs), applying the findings to an SiO₂ core–ZnO shell MCNM. The safety of this MCNM, which is used as an additive to silicate/calcium hydroxide mortar to improve air quality through photocatalytic NO_x removal, was investigated from different perspectives along its value chain. Existing and newly generated data on its hazard profile were collected, the exposure of workers during its synthesis was assessed, and potential exposure to hazardous substances during its final application phase was investigated. In step 1, physico-chemical properties, hazard classification and cytotoxicity assays were considered. In step 2, a three-tiered established methodology for evaluating occupational exposure assessment was performed. Lastly, in step 3, the release of inorganic substances from MCNM-based mortars in the final application phase was investigated. Safety assessment according to the SSbD framework was performed by selecting tools and procedures suitable for application in the early innovation stage, resulting in a preliminary hazard assessment of MCNMs and a suggestion for redesigning a step in the process.

中文翻译：

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建筑中使用的SiO2@ZnO多组分纳米材料的安全设计评估


化学品/材料的安全方面在所有可持续性维度上都是横向的，是欧盟委员会化学品和材料“安全和可持续设计”（SSbD） 框架早期创新阶段的支柱。SSbD 框架的五个步骤中的前三个步骤涵盖不同的安全方面，即基于内在特性的危害评估（第 1 步）、生产/加工阶段的职业健康和安全（包括暴露）评估（第 2 步）和最终应用阶段的暴露（第 3 步）。这项工作的目标是确定一组表征工具/程序，以支持多组分纳米材料 （MCNM） 中前三个安全步骤的操作化，并将研究结果应用于 SiO₂ 核-ZnO 壳层 MCNM。这种 MCNM 用作硅酸盐/氢氧化钙砂浆的添加剂，通过光催化去除 NO_x 来改善空气质量，从其价值链的不同角度研究了其安全性。收集了有关其危害概况的现有和新生成的数据，评估了其合成过程中工人的暴露情况，并调查了其最终应用阶段对有害物质的潜在暴露情况。在第 1 步中，考虑了物理化学性质、危险分类和细胞毒性测定。在第 2 步中，执行了评估职业暴露评估的三层既定方法。最后，在第 3 步中，研究了最终应用阶段基于 MCNM 的砂浆中无机物质的释放。 根据 SSbD 框架进行安全评估，通过在早期创新阶段选择适合应用的工具和程序，对 MCNM 进行初步危害评估，并提出重新设计流程步骤的建议。