Hate crimes send messages of intolerance that can cause significant emotional and behavioral harm to entire identity groups. Previous research, based on intergroup emotions theory, has helped explain the psychological mechanisms that underpin the indirect effects of anti-LGBT+ hate crime, showing that incidents give rise to perceptions of threat among community members, which in turn elicit certain emotional reactions that trigger specific behavioral outcomes. This article provides two significant contributions to this developing knowledgebase. First, it provides an important replication of the theoretical model with another frequently targeted community: Muslim people. In addition, it offers the first quantitative analysis of how combinations of different emotions trigger discrete behavioral responses in the aftermath of hate crime, thereby providing much-needed nuance to the intergroup emotions theory model. Across two studies (Study 1: N = 589 LGBT+ participants; Study 2: N = 347 Muslim participants), we show that, for both LGBT+ and Muslim participants, indirect experiences of hate crimes are associated with greater perceptions of threat, which are then positively associated with anger, anxiety, and shame, that link to behavioral intentions: avoidance, pro-action, security behaviors, and retaliation. Latent class analyses further revealed that participants’ emotional reactions tend to cluster into four distinct profiles in both communities: people scored mid-range on all emotions, or high anger with low shame, or high anger with high anxiety, or low shame. These combinations had direct implications for intended behaviors across both groups: experiencing high anger with high anxiety was a cogent motivator of action. Most significantly, we provide new insights into how and why different emotions interact to predict both similar and divergent behaviors in the aftermath of hate crime incidents. Our findings yield important new knowledge that holds the potential of shaping both public policies and practices aimed at addressing the impacts of hate crimes.

中文翻译：

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愤怒与恐惧：探索 LGBT+ 和穆斯林社区对仇恨犯罪的混合情绪反应的影响


仇恨犯罪传递了不容忍的信息，可能会对整个身份群体造成重大的情感和行为伤害。先前基于群体间情绪理论的研究有助于解释支撑反 LGBT+ 仇恨犯罪间接影响的心理机制，表明事件会在社区成员中引起威胁感，这反过来又会引发某些情绪反应，从而触发特定的行为结果。本文为这个不断发展的知识库提供了两个重要贡献。首先，它为另一个经常被攻击的社区穆斯林提供了理论模型的重要复制。此外，它还首次对不同情绪的组合如何在仇恨犯罪后触发离散的行为反应进行了定量分析，从而为群体间情绪理论模型提供了急需的细微差别。在两项研究中（研究 1：N = 589 名 LGBT+ 参与者;研究 2：N = 347 名穆斯林参与者），我们表明，对于 LGBT+ 和穆斯林参与者来说，仇恨犯罪的间接经历与更大的威胁感知有关，而这种威胁与愤怒、焦虑和羞耻感呈正相关，这与行为意图有关：回避、支持行动、安全行为和报复。潜在类别分析进一步显示，参与者的情绪反应往往集中在两个社区的四个不同的特征中：人们在所有情绪上得分中等，或高愤怒与低羞耻感，或高愤怒与高焦虑，或低羞耻感。这些组合对两组的预期行为都有直接影响：经历高度愤怒和高度焦虑是令人信服的行动动机。 最重要的是，我们提供了关于不同情绪如何以及为何相互作用的新见解，以预测仇恨犯罪事件发生后相似和不同的行为。我们的研究结果产生了重要的新知识，这些知识有可能塑造旨在解决仇恨犯罪影响的公共政策和实践。