As urbanization accelerates, the need for innovative solutions that integrate energy storage within the built environment (BE) becomes increasingly vital for sustainable and multifunctional infrastructure. This review paper delves into the pioneering concept of structural supercapacitors (SSCs), which seamlessly embed energy storage capabilities directly into construction materials such as ordinary portland cement, geopolymers, magnesium phosphate cement, aluminate cement, bricks, wood, and polymers. These materials are readily available and possess inherent structural strength, making them ideal candidates for functionalization as energy storage devices. SSCs rely on the combination of mechanical strength and electrochemical capabilities, allowing structures to serve dual functions—bearing mechanical loads while storing and releasing electrical energy. This review discusses the key components of SSCs, including conductive fillers, electrodes, and electrolytes, and evaluates their electrochemical and mechanical performance. Several critical research gaps have been identified, including the need for alternative conductive fillers to improve ionic conductivity and specific capacitance, advanced additives to enhance multifunctionality and optimization of the interaction between fillers and substrates. Additionally, post-curing treatments and the control of porosity and microstructure require further exploration to balance electrochemical performance with mechanical robustness. Challenges related to integrating SSCs into practical applications, such as environmental durability and mechanical load-bearing capacity, are also highlighted. Furthermore, the potential of 3D printing technology to create customizable SSC structures is identified as a promising area for future research. This review contributes to advancing SSCs and their potential integration into sustainable infrastructure by highlighting the gaps and future directions of the existing literature.

中文翻译：

---

探索结构超级电容器中建筑兼容材料在建筑环境中储能的潜力


随着城市化进程的加速，对将储能集成到建筑环境 （BE） 中的创新解决方案的需求对于可持续和多功能基础设施变得越来越重要。这篇综述论文深入探讨了结构超级电容器 （SSC） 的开创性概念，它将储能功能直接无缝嵌入建筑材料中，例如普通波特兰水泥、地质聚合物、磷酸镁水泥、铝酸盐水泥、砖块、木材和聚合物。这些材料很容易获得，并且具有固有的结构强度，使其成为作为储能器件功能化的理想选择。SSC 依赖于机械强度和电化学能力的结合，使结构能够发挥双重功能——在承受机械负载的同时存储和释放电能。本文讨论了 SSC 的关键组成部分，包括导电填料、电极和电解质，并评估了它们的电化学和机械性能。已经确定了几个关键的研究空白，包括需要替代导电填料来提高离子电导率和比电容，需要先进的添加剂来增强多功能性以及优化填料和基材之间的相互作用。此外，后固化处理以及孔隙率和微观结构的控制需要进一步探索，以平衡电化学性能与机械稳健性。还强调了将 SSC 集成到实际应用中的相关挑战，例如环境耐久性和机械承载能力。 此外，3D 打印技术创建可定制的 SSC 结构的潜力被认为是未来研究的一个有前途的领域。本综述通过强调现有文献的差距和未来方向，有助于推进 SSC 及其融入可持续基础设施的潜力。