Image-based sexual harassment and abuse (IBSHA) has recently gained scientific attention. To date, research has primarily focused on victim characteristics and impact, while little specific empirical research exists on victims’ help-seeking behavior, including barriers and facilitators to seeking support. The aim of this scoping review was to examine the current state of literature on IBSHA victims’ help-seeking behavior and barriers and facilitators to seeking support. Seven electronic bibliographic databases were searched up to June 2023 to identify relevant literature. Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) English or Dutch language, (2) original empirical data, (3) studying one or more forms of IBSHA, (4) victim sample, and (5) addressing help-seeking behavior, and/or factors encouraging or discouraging help-seeking. The scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols extension for scoping reviews. In total, 81 articles were included. Varying definitions of IBSHA, sample sizes, and populations complicated the drawing of general conclusions. The research was primarily conducted in English-speaking Western countries with a majority of young, White, heterosexual, and women samples. Prevalence rates of help-seeking strongly varied. Multiple sources of informal and formal support were identified, including friends, family, social media platforms, and police. Informal support appeared preferred. Articles identified several barriers to help-seeking including shame, (fear of) negative social responses and negative expectations of formal support, and facilitators, including desire for justice and takedown of non-consensually shared images. Research on IBSHA is growing rapidly. The field would benefit from further research focused on help-seeking with diverse samples, standardized measures, and intersectionality. Recommendations for policy and practice are provided.

中文翻译：

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基于图像的性骚扰和性虐待受害者的求助行为：范围审查


基于图像的性骚扰和虐待 （IBSHA） 最近引起了科学界的关注。迄今为止，研究主要集中在受害者的特征和影响上，而关于受害者寻求帮助的行为（包括寻求支持的障碍和促进因素）的具体实证研究很少。本范围综述的目的是研究有关 IBSHA 受害者寻求帮助行为和障碍以及寻求支持的促进因素的文献现状。检索了截至 2023 年 6 月的 7 个电子书目数据库，以确定相关文献。纳入标准包括 （1） 英语或荷兰语，（2） 原始实证数据，（3） 研究一种或多种形式的 IBSHA，（4） 受害者样本，以及 （5） 解决寻求帮助的行为，和/或鼓励或阻止寻求帮助的因素。范围审查是在系统评价的首选报告项目和用于范围审查的 Meta-Analysis Protocols 扩展之后进行的。总共纳入了 81 篇文章。IBSHA 的不同定义、样本量和人群使一般结论的得出变得复杂。该研究主要在讲英语的西方国家进行，样本以年轻人、白人、异性恋和女性为主。寻求帮助的患病率差异很大。确定了非正式和正式支持的多个来源，包括朋友、家人、社交媒体平台和警方。非正式的支持似乎更受欢迎。文章确定了寻求帮助的几个障碍，包括羞耻、（害怕）消极的社会反应和对正式支持的负面期望，以及促进者，包括对正义的渴望和删除未经同意分享的图像。IBSHA 的研究正在迅速发展。 该领域将受益于进一步的研究，重点是通过不同的样本、标准化测量和交叉性寻求帮助。提供了有关政策和实践的建议。