Climate change intensifies fire smoke, emitting hazardous air pollutants that impact human health. However, the global influence of climate change on fire-induced health impacts remains unquantified. Here we used three well-tested fire–vegetation models in combination with a chemical transport model and health risk assessment framework to attribute global human mortality from fire fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) emissions to climate change. Of the 46,401 (1960s) to 98,748 (2010s) annual fire PM_2.5 mortalities, 669 (1.2%, 1960s) to 12,566 (12.8%, 2010s) were attributed to climate change. The most substantial influence of climate change on fire mortality occurred in South America, Australia and Europe, coinciding with decreased relative humidity and in boreal forests with increased air temperature. Increasing relative humidity lowered fire mortality in other regions, such as South Asia. Our study highlights the role of climate change in fire mortality, aiding public health authorities in spatial targeting adaptation measures for sensitive fire-prone areas.

气候变化加剧了火烟，排放出影响人类健康的有害空气污染物。然而，气候变化对火灾引起的健康影响的全球影响仍未量化。在这里，我们使用了三个经过充分测试的火灾植被模型，并结合了化学运输模型和健康风险评估框架，将火灾细颗粒物 （PM_2.5） 排放造成的全球人类死亡率归因于气候变化。在 46,401 次（1960 年代）至 98,748 次（2010 年代）的年度火灾 PM_2.5 死亡中，669 次（1.2%，1960 年代）至 12,566 次（12.8%，2010 年代）归因于气候变化。气候变化对火灾死亡率影响最大的是南美洲、澳大利亚和欧洲，与相对湿度降低和北方森林气温升高相吻合。相对湿度的增加降低了其他地区（如南亚）的火灾死亡率。我们的研究强调了气候变化在火灾死亡率中的作用，帮助公共卫生当局针对敏感的火灾易发区域采取空间定位适应措施。