Glyphosate, a key ingredient in many herbicides, is increasingly present in aquatic systems due to agricultural runoff. High doses of glyphosate cause defects in organisms due to its ability to interfere with physiological processes as an endocrine disruptor. We used the mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) to evaluate the effects of larval exposure to glyphosate on non-target species in aquatic environments. These fish produce genetically identical offspring, allowing us to evaluate phenotypic responses to toxicant exposure while controlling for genetics. We treated newly hatched larvae for 96 h with concentrations of glyphosate on the low and high end of what they would experience in the wild: control (0 mg/L), low (0.01 mg/L), and high (1.1 mg/L), and then measured behavior, morphology, and reproductive traits at 60 and 130 days. We predicted that these amphibious fish exposed to low, environmentally relevant doses would show adaptive emersion behavior to escape poor quality water conditions, and deficits in other traits would be greater with higher glyphosate dosages. We found that low doses (0.01 mg/L) of glyphosate led to lower anxiety (decreased thigmotaxis) and impaired jumping behaviors while high dose exposures to glyphosate resulted in lower activity and lower average egg yield per individual. None of these effects appeared to be adaptive at low or high doses of glyphosate. While deficits in reproductive output scaled with dosage, phenotypic effects were often dosage-specific for each trait. This study demonstrates that even environmentally relevant concentrations of herbicide may be harmful to aquatic organisms and have consequences that persist well into adulthood. Furthermore, given that environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate induced deficits in reproductive output, this suggests that glyphosate contamination in natural systems may have population level consequences.

中文翻译：

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红树林溪流鱼幼虫暴露于草甘膦的持续影响


草甘膦是许多除草剂的关键成分，由于农业径流，草甘膦越来越多地存在于水生系统中。高剂量的草甘膦会导致生物体缺陷，因为它能够作为内分泌干扰物干扰生理过程。我们使用红树林溪流鱼 （Kryptolebias marmoratus） 来评估幼虫暴露于草甘膦对水生环境中非目标物种的影响。这些鱼产生基因相同的后代，使我们能够在控制遗传学的同时评估对毒物暴露的表型反应。我们用草甘膦浓度处理新孵化的幼虫 96 小时，草甘膦浓度为它们在野外经历的低端和高端：对照 （0 mg/L）、低 （0.01 mg/L） 和高 （1.1 mg/L），然后在 60 天和 130 天时测量行为、形态和繁殖性状。我们预测，这些暴露于低剂量、环境相关剂量的两栖鱼类将表现出适应性浸发行为，以逃避劣质水质条件，并且草甘膦剂量越高，其他性状的缺陷会更大。我们发现，低剂量 （0.01 mg/L） 草甘膦导致焦虑降低（减弱触觉）和跳跃行为受损，而高剂量暴露于草甘膦导致活性降低和个体平均产蛋量降低。这些影响在低剂量或高剂量的草甘膦下似乎都没有适应性。虽然生殖产出的缺陷随剂量而变化，但表型效应通常是每个性状的剂量特异性的。这项研究表明，即使是与环境相关的除草剂浓度也可能对水生生物有害，并且其后果会持续到成年。 此外，鉴于与环境相关的草甘膦浓度会导致繁殖输出的缺陷，这表明自然系统中的草甘膦污染可能会对种群水平产生后果。