The threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, has undergone dramatic increases in abundance in parts of its historical native range, and it is also undergoing a major range expansion. We review available information and discuss the vectors and sources of the species' range expansions, the genetic characteristics of recently founded populations and the ecological consequences of both stickleback introductions and increases in abundance. Dramatic range expansions occurred in the Caspian Sea drainage, large rivers in the Black Sea drainage, reservoirs of the Rhine basin, isolated lakes in North America and Japan and remote islands in the Arctic. Likely reasons for these range expansions include canal construction, accidental inclusion with stocking of commercially valuable fish, intentional release by aquarists and fishermen and climate change. In some cases, range expansions of stickleback were likely facilitated by genetic admixture of previously separated lineages, as well as by high‐standing genetic variation that promotes rapid adaptation to new habitats. Accordingly, range expansions are often accompanied by striking increases in abundance, although these are two distinct processes. Notably, population growth within the species' native range, particularly in the White and Baltic Seas, has been observed alongside expansions into new areas. Where stickleback colonise new habitats or increase in abundance, extensive ecological impacts on ecosystems typically occur. Given these massive and widespread changes, the species has the potential to provide considerable insight into the evolutionary and ecological effects of human impacts on aquatic ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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全球分布范围和三棘鲈 （Gasterosteus aculeatus） 丰度近期快速变化的广泛证据


三棘鱼 （Gasterosteus aculeatus） 在其历史上原生地的部分地区经历了丰度的急剧增加，并且它也正在经历一次重大的分布范围扩大。我们回顾了现有信息并讨论了该物种范围扩大的媒介和来源、最近建立的种群的遗传特征以及粘背鲸引入和丰度增加的生态后果。里海流域、黑海流域的大型河流、莱茵河流域的水库、北美和日本的孤立湖泊以及北极的偏远岛屿都发生了急剧的范围扩张。这些范围扩大的可能原因包括运河建设、意外放养具有商业价值的鱼类、水族馆和渔民故意放生以及气候变化。在某些情况下，粘背鱼的范围扩大可能是由于先前分离的谱系的遗传混合以及促进快速适应新栖息地的高度遗传变异而促进的。因此，范围的扩大通常伴随着丰度的显着增加，尽管这是两个不同的过程。值得注意的是，在该物种的原生范围内，特别是在白海和波罗的海，已经观察到种群增长，同时扩展到新的地区。当粘背鱼在新栖息地定居或数量增加时，通常会对生态系统产生广泛的生态影响。鉴于这些巨大而广泛的变化，该物种有可能为人类影响水生生态系统的进化和生态影响提供相当大的见解。