This study tested whether encouraging prediction enhances prediction in second language (L2) speakers. L2 English speakers listened to English sentences like The woman … will read/buy one of the newspapers while viewing the target (a newspaper) and distractor objects (a rose, a bowl, and a mango) on a screen and clicked on the target as quickly as possible. The target was predictable (read) or unpredictable (buy) from the verb meaning. Participants looked at the target longer and were quicker to move the mouse to it when instructed to predict sentence continuation than when they were merely instructed to comprehend sentences. This result held true both when the target was predictable and unpredictable. Furthermore, only when instructed to predict did the participants make more clicking errors when the target was unpredictable than predictable, which suggested that encouraging prediction can interfere with word recognition accuracy in unpredictable contexts due to reduced cognitive resources or failed predictions.

中文翻译：

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任务指令对第二语言句子理解过程中预测性眼球运动和单词识别的影响


本研究测试了鼓励性预测是否增强了第二语言 （L2） 使用者的预测。说 L2 英语的人听英语句子，比如 The woman ...将阅读/购买其中一份报纸，同时查看屏幕上的目标（报纸）和分散注意力的物体（玫瑰、碗和芒果），并尽快点击目标。目标从动词含义中是可预测的 （read） 或不可预测的 （buy）。与仅仅被指示理解句子时相比，当被指示预测句子继续时，参与者看目标的时间更长，并且更快地将鼠标移动到目标上。当目标是可预测的和不可预测的时，这个结果都是正确的。此外，只有当被指示进行预测时，当目标不可预测时，参与者才会犯更多的点击错误，这表明鼓励预测会由于认知资源减少或预测失败而在不可预测的上下文中干扰单词识别的准确性。