Beard and Green compiled one of the earliest reviews on the environmental and societal (cultural) benefits that living turfgrass systems (e.g., home lawns, athletic fields, golf courses, roadsides, and grounds) provide to humans and associated contemporary issues with turfgrass. Today, the benefits of vegetation systems are called ecosystem services, and the associated negative aspects are called disservices. Since 1994, a significant amount of research has been conducted to further understand these ecosystem services and disservices and discover new ecosystem services and disservices, which we summarize and identify the knowledge gaps in this review. Turfgrass systems provide positive economic benefits to the US economy and help increase property values; however, many of these ecosystem services are environmental and societal. Some environmental services include (1) improving soil health, quality, and stability; (2) oxygen production; (3) reducing stormwater runoff; (4) filtering water to protect waterways and recharging groundwater; (5) providing evaporative cooling and reducing sunlight glare to improve human comfort levels; (6) offering vertebrate and invertebrate habitat; and (7) offering solutions for recycling wastewater and biosolids. Some societal (cultural) services include (1) outdoor spaces that improve human mental and physical health, (2) increasing community and social harmony, (3) helping deter crime, and (4) reducing human contact with noxious weeds and human-disease insect vectors. Research, cooperative extension, and education efforts must be increased on these topics to continue to provide additional evidence of these ecosystem services to the public, policymakers, turfgrass practitioners, homeowners, students, and future generations.

中文翻译：

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草坪草在环境保护中的作用及其对人类的益处：30 年后


Beard 和 Green 汇编了关于活草坪草系统（例如，家庭草坪、运动场、高尔夫球场、路边和场地）为人类提供的环境和社会（文化）好处以及与草坪草相关的当代问题的最早评论之一。今天，植被系统的好处被称为生态系统服务，而相关的消极方面被称为损害。自 1994 年以来，已经进行了大量研究，以进一步了解这些生态系统服务和损害，并发现新的生态系统服务和损害，我们在本次审查中总结并确定了知识差距。草坪草系统为美国经济提供了积极的经济利益，并有助于提高房产价值;然而，这些生态系统服务中有许多是环境和社会的。一些环境服务包括 （1） 改善土壤健康、质量和稳定性;（2） 制氧;（3） 减少雨水径流;（4） 过滤水以保护水道和补给地下水;（5） 提供蒸发冷却并减少阳光眩光，以提高人类舒适度;（6） 提供脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的栖息地;（7） 提供回收废水和生物固体的解决方案。一些社会（文化）服务包括 （1） 改善人类身心健康的户外空间，（2） 增加社区和社会和谐，（3） 帮助阻止犯罪，以及 （4） 减少人类与有害杂草和人类疾病昆虫媒介的接触。必须加强对这些主题的研究、合作推广和教育工作，以继续向公众、政策制定者、草坪草从业者、房主、学生和子孙后代提供这些生态系统服务的更多证据。