Subjective value is a core concept in neuroeconomics, serving as the basis for decision making. Despite the extensive literature on the neural encoding of subjective reward value in humans, the neural representation of punishment value remains relatively understudied. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the neural representation of reward value, including methodologies, involved brain regions, and the concept of common currency representation of diverse reward types in decision-making and learning processes. We then critically examine existing research on the neural representation of punishment value, highlighting conceptual and methodological challenges in human studies and insights gained from animal research. Finally, we explore how individual differences in reward and punishment processing may be linked to various mental illnesses, with a focus on stress-related psychopathologies. This review advocates for the integration of both rewards and punishments within value-based decision-making and learning frameworks, leveraging insights from cross-species studies and utilizing ecological gamified paradigms to reflect real-life scenarios.

中文翻译：

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人脑中预期奖励和惩罚的表示


主观价值是神经经济学的一个核心概念，是决策的基础。尽管有大量关于人类主观奖励价值的神经编码的文献，但惩罚值的神经表示仍然相对研究不足。本综述综合了当前关于奖励价值神经表示的知识，包括方法、涉及的大脑区域以及决策和学习过程中不同奖励类型的通用货币表示的概念。然后，我们批判性地检查了关于惩罚价值的神经表征的现有研究，强调了人类研究中的概念和方法挑战以及从动物研究中获得的见解。最后，我们探讨了奖励和惩罚处理的个体差异如何与各种精神疾病相关联，重点是与压力相关的精神病理学。本综述倡导将奖励和惩罚整合到基于价值的决策和学习框架中，利用跨物种研究的见解并利用生态游戏化范式来反映现实生活场景。