The transformation from combustion-based to renewable energy technologies is of paramount importance due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels and the dramatic increase in atmospheric CO₂ levels resulting from growing global energy demands. To achieve the Paris Agreement's long-term goal of carbon neutrality by 2050, the full implementation of clean and sustainable energy sources is essential. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for zero or low-carbon fuels with high energy density that can produce electricity and heat, power vehicles, and support global trade. This review presents the global motivation to reduce carbon dioxide by utilizing hydrogen technology, which is key to meeting future energy demands. It discusses the basic properties of hydrogen and its application in both prototype and large-scale efficient technologies. Hydrogen is a clean fuel and a versatile energy carrier; when used in fuel cells or combustion devices, the final product is water vapor. Hydrogen gas production methods are reviewed across renewable and non-renewable sources, with reaction processes categorized as green, blue, grey, black, pink, and turquoise, depending on the reaction pathway and CO₂ emissions management. This review covers the applications of hydrogen technology in petroleum refining, chemical and metrological production, hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs), backup power generation, and its use in transportation, space, and aeronautics. It assesses physical and material-based hydrogen storage methods, evaluating their feasibility, performance, and safety, and comparing HFCEVs with battery and gasoline vehicles from environmental and economic perspectives. Finally, the prospects and challenges associated with hydrogen production, handling, storage, transportation, and safety are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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氢气生产、储存和应用的全面综述


由于化石燃料的快速消耗以及全球能源需求不断增长的导致大气中_CO2 水平的急剧增加，从燃烧能源技术向可再生能源技术的转变至关重要。为了实现《巴黎协定》到 2050 年实现碳中和的长期目标，全面实施清洁和可持续能源至关重要。因此，迫切需要具有高能量密度的零碳或低碳燃料，这些燃料可以产生电力和热能，为汽车提供动力并支持全球贸易。这篇综述介绍了通过利用氢技术减少二氧化碳的全球动机，这是满足未来能源需求的关键。它讨论了氢的基本特性及其在原型和大规模高效技术中的应用。氢气是一种清洁燃料和多功能能源载体;当用于燃料电池或燃烧装置时，最终产品是水蒸气。对可再生和不可再生来源的氢气生产方法进行了审查，反应过程分为绿色、蓝色、灰色、黑色、粉红色和绿松石色，具体取决于反应途径和 CO₂ 排放管理。本综述涵盖了氢技术在石油精炼、化工和计量生产、氢燃料电池电动汽车 （HFCEV）、备用发电及其在运输、航天和航空领域的应用。它评估了基于物理和材料的储氢方法，评估了它们的可行性、性能和安全性，并从环境和经济角度将 HFCEV 与电池和汽油汽车进行了比较。 最后，还讨论了与氢气生产、处理、储存、运输和安全相关的前景和挑战。