In many crops, both pollination and biocontrol determine crop yield, whereby the relative importance of the two ecosystem services can be moderated by the landscape context. However, additive and interactive effects of pollination and biocontrol in different landscape contexts are still poorly understood. We examined both ecosystem services in South African macadamia orchards. Combining observations and experiments, we disentangled their relative additive and interactive effects on crop production with variation in orchard design and landscape context (i.e., cover of natural habitat and altitude). Insect pollination increased the nut set on average by 280% (initial nut set) and 525% (final nut set), while biocontrol provided by bats and birds reduced the insect damage on average by 40%. Pollination services increased in orchards where macadamia tree rows were positioned perpendicular to orchard edges facing natural habitat. Biocontrol services decreased with elevation. Pest damage was reduced by higher cover of natural habitat at landscape scale but increased with elevation. Pollination and biocontrol are both important ecosystem services and complementary in providing high macadamia crop yield. Smart orchard design and the retention of natural habitat can simultaneously enhance both services. Conjoint management of ecosystem services can thus enable the ecological intensification of agricultural production.

中文翻译：

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授粉和生物防治服务的互补作用使澳洲坚果园的生态集约化成为可能


在许多作物中，授粉和生物控制都决定了作物产量，因此这两种生态系统服务的相对重要性可以受到景观环境的调节。然而，人们对不同景观背景下授粉和生物防治的加性和交互作用仍然知之甚少。我们研究了南非澳洲坚果园的这两种生态系统服务。结合观察和实验，我们解开了它们对作物生产的相对累加和交互影响与果园设计和景观环境（即自然栖息地和海拔的覆盖率）的变化。昆虫授粉使坚果坐果平均增加 280%（初始坚果坐果）和 525%（最终坚果坐果），而蝙蝠和鸟类提供的生物控制使昆虫危害平均减少 40%。在果园中，澳洲坚果树行垂直于面向自然栖息地的果园边缘，授粉服务有所增加。生物防治服务随海拔升高而减少。在景观尺度上，自然栖息地覆盖率较高，有害生物危害减少，但随着海拔升高而增加。授粉和生物防治都是重要的生态系统服务，在提供澳洲坚果作物高产方面相辅相成。智能果园设计和保留自然栖息地可以同时增强这两项服务。因此，生态系统服务的联合管理可以促进农业生产的生态集约化。