Moral judgments differ across cultures and politics, but they share a common theme in our minds: perceptions of harm. Both cultural ethnographies on moral values and psychological research on moral cognition highlight this shared focus on harm. Perceptions of harm are constructed from universal cognitive elements—including intention, causation, and suffering—but depend on the cultural context, allowing many values to arise from a common moral mind. This review traces the concept of harm across philosophy, cultural anthropology, and psychology, then discusses how different values (e.g., purity) across various taxonomies are grounded in perceived harm. We then explore two theories connecting culture to cognition—modularity and constructionism—before outlining how pluralism across human moral judgment is explained by the constructed nature of perceived harm. We conclude by showing how different perceptions of harm help drive political disagreements and reveal how sharing stories of harm can help bridge moral divides.

中文翻译：

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我们心中以及不同文化和政治的道德


道德判断因文化和政治而异，但它们在我们的脑海中有一个共同的主题：对伤害的看法。关于道德价值观的文化民族志和关于道德认知的心理学研究都强调了这种对伤害的共同关注。对伤害的感知是由普遍的认知元素（包括意图、因果关系和痛苦）构成的，但取决于文化背景，允许许多价值观从共同的道德思想中产生。这篇综述追溯了哲学、文化人类学和心理学中的伤害概念，然后讨论了各种分类法中的不同价值观（例如纯度）如何基于感知到的伤害。然后，我们探讨了将文化与认知联系起来的两种理论——模块化和建构主义——然后概述了人类道德判断中的多元化如何由感知伤害的建构性质来解释。最后，我们展示了对伤害的不同看法如何帮助推动政治分歧，并揭示了分享伤害的故事如何帮助弥合道德分歧。