This paper draws on fieldwork interviews with migrants who fled their home countries (Somalia, Eritrea, and Sudan) and irregularly traveled through Sudan, Sahara, Libya, and the Mediterranean Sea, eventually reaching Europe. It demonstrates how, throughout their journeys, migrants were targeted by various armed groups (particularly non-state) for purposes including recruitment, extortion, ransom, immobilization, torture, slavery, sexual violence, and how they evaded capture. Building on and contributing to literatures on bio/necropolitics, migration/borders, and surveillance, the paper advances the categories of bio/necropolitical capture and evasion. The paper emphasizes the key role of non-state actors in acts of capture, and race and racialized microbio/necropolitical practices (torture, spectacle, discipline, and surveillance) as key categories of capture. The paper also shows effects of capture for migrants and how migrants engage in acts of evasion (which include not only bodily acts of running away or hiding, but various forms of communicational, mental, spiritual, and psychological tactics) as expressions of agency. Focusing on migrants’ long journeys to Europe, the paper provides a more holistic view of the migration experience and highlights persisting patterns of capture and evasion despite changing actors and locations. The paper demonstrates how Europe’s borders externalize inside the African continent through delegated and opportunistic actors (such as the Libyan Coast Guard and various other militia/trafficking/mafia groups), and reproduce racism at both the macrolevel (maintaining global racist borders) and the microlevel (through racialized practices).

中文翻译：

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非洲-欧洲移民旅程中的生物/死灵政治捕获和逃避


本文借鉴了对逃离祖国（索马里、厄立特里亚和苏丹）并不定期穿越苏丹、撒哈拉、利比亚和地中海，最终到达欧洲的移民的田野调查访谈。它展示了移民在整个旅程中如何成为各种武装团体（尤其是非国家团体）的目标，目的包括招募、勒索、赎金、固定行动、酷刑、奴役、性暴力，以及他们如何逃避抓捕。该论文以生物/死灵政治学、移民/边界和监视方面的文献为基础并为其做出贡献，推进了生物/死灵政治捕获和逃避的类别。本文强调了非国家行为者在捕获行为中的关键作用，以及种族和种族化微生物/坏灵政治实践（酷刑、奇观、纪律和监视）作为捕获的关键类别。本文还展示了俘虏对移民的影响，以及移民如何进行逃避行为（不仅包括逃跑或躲藏的身体行为，还包括各种形式的沟通、心理、精神和心理策略）作为能动性的表达。本文侧重于移民前往欧洲的长途旅行，提供了对移民经历的更全面的看法，并强调了尽管参与者和地点发生了变化，但仍然存在的捕获和逃避模式。本文展示了欧洲边界如何通过授权和机会主义行为者（如利比亚海岸警卫队和其他各种民兵/人口贩运/黑手党团体）在非洲大陆内部外部化，并在宏观层面（维持全球种族主义边界）和微观层面（通过种族化做法）复制种族主义。