While a rapid defossilisation of the energy-industry system is at the highest priority for climate change mitigation, additional post-fossil carbon dioxide removal (CDR) for net-negative emissions will likely be necessary to ensure a safe future. An in-depth techno-economic analysis of differentiated sequestration options for carbon dioxide (CO₂) in solid carbonates is not yet available, as direct air capture-based mineralisation is usually aggregated in direct air capture and carbon sequestration. This research gap is closed by studying mineralisation as a key CDR option to sequester atmospheric CO₂ permanently, based on available literature. The most frequently discussed routes for mineralisation, i.e., in situ, ex situ mineralisation, and enhanced rock weathering, are examined. The deployment potentials of these options are determined globally for nine major regions. Results indicate that costs for all mineralisation options can be kept below 100 € per tCO₂ from 2050. From 2030 onwards, in situ mineralisation, with low energy-intensity, can be realised at cost of ≤131 € per tCO₂, ex situ mineralisation at ≤189 € per tCO₂, and enhanced weathering at ≤88 € per tCO₂. Final energy demand for CO₂ sequestration via in situ mineralisation is ≤1.8 MWh per tCO₂, via ex situ mineralisation ≤3.7 MWh per tCO₂, and via enhanced weathering ≤1.1 MWh per tCO₂ from 2030. Large-scale deployment of mineralisation options supporting 60% of projected CDR demand is assessed to require up to 0.06% and 0.21% in global gross domestic product and up to 2.5% and 8.6% additional primary energy demand in 2070 for a 1.5 °C and 1.0 °C climate target, respectively. Implications, permanence of sequestration, and limitations are discussed, and a research outlook is provided.

中文翻译：

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固体碳酸盐中二氧化碳永久封存的技术经济见解及部署前景


虽然能源工业系统的快速去化石是缓解气候变化的首要任务，但为了确保安全的未来，可能需要额外的后化石二氧化碳去除 （CDR） 以实现净负排放。目前尚无法对固体碳酸盐中二氧化碳 （CO₂） 的差异化封存方案进行深入的技术经济分析，因为基于直接空气捕获的矿化通常聚集在直接空气捕获和碳封存中。根据现有文献，通过研究矿化作为永久封存大气中 CO₂ 的关键 CDR 选项，可以缩小这一研究空白。研究了最常讨论的矿化途径，即原位、非原位矿化和增强的岩石风化。这些选项的部署潜力是在全球范围内确定的，主要分布在 9 个地区。结果表明，从 2050 年起，所有矿化方案的成本都可以保持在每 tCO₂ 100 欧元以下。从 2030 年起，低能量强度的原位矿化可以以每 tCO₂ ≤131 欧元的成本实现，异地矿化以每 tCO₂ ≤189 欧元的成本实现，以每 tCO₂ ≤88 欧元的成本实现非原位矿化。从 2030 年起，通过原位矿化封存_CO2 的最终能源需求为 ≤1.8 MWh/tCO₂，通过非原位矿化 ≤3.7 MWh/tCO₂，以及通过增强风化 ≤1.1 MWh/tCO₂。 据评估，到 2070 年，支持 60% 预计 CDR 需求的大规模矿化方案需要全球国内生产总值高达 0.06% 和 0.21%，一次能源需求增加高达 2.5% 和 8.6%，以实现 1.5 °C 和 1.0 °C 的气候目标。讨论了影响、隔离的持久性和局限性，并提供了研究展望。