Background: In 2020, as the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread globally, many countries around the world experienced substantial increases in mortality, including in Latin America. In that year, many non-pharmaceutical measures were implemented in Uruguay. The first COVID-19 vaccines were administered in February 2021. Uruguay has various characteristics that were pointed out as risk factors in the course of the pandemic, mainly an old population, high urbanization levels, and socioeconomic inequalities. Methods: We estimate the annual and monthly excess deaths and P-scores for 2020, 2021, and 2022. We also compute the sex-specific life expectancy gap between each one of those years and 2019, and we decompose the observed changes into the contributions from COVID-19 at different ages. Results: In contrast to what was observed in neighboring countries, Uruguay experienced a life-expectancy increase in 2020 as compared to 2019. However, life expectancy declined substantially in the country in 2021 and 2022. While most of the decline in 2021 is attributable to COVID-19, the cause-of-death profile of the losses in 2022 is more complex. Although both sexes were affected, women experienced a larger life-expectancy loss in 2022. Contribution: Previous studies about COVID-19 mortality in Latin America mention the particular case of Uruguay as a country that was barely affected by the pandemic in 2020. In fact, there were fewer deaths than expected that year. Here we extend the analysis until the end of 2022, showing that unlike the first pandemic year, there was a substantial mortality increase in Uruguay in 2021 and 2022.

中文翻译：

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2020 年至 2022 年 COVID-19 大流行对乌拉圭死亡率的影响（作者：Catalina Torres、Victoria Prieto Rosas、Gonzalo De Armas、Mariana Paredes）


背景：2020 年，随着 SARS-CoV-2 病毒在全球传播，世界上许多国家的死亡率大幅增加，包括拉丁美洲。那一年，乌拉圭实施了许多非药物措施。第一批 COVID-19 疫苗于 2021 年 2 月接种。乌拉圭具有各种特征，这些特征在大流行过程中被指出是风险因素，主要是人口老龄化、高城市化水平和社会经济不平等。方法：我们估计了 2020 年、2021 年和 2022 年的年度和月度超额死亡人数和 P 分数。我们还计算了这些年份与 2019 年之间每年的性别特定预期寿命差距，并将观察到的变化分解为不同年龄的 COVID-19 的贡献。结果：与邻国观察到的情况相反，与 2019 年相比，乌拉圭 2020 年的预期寿命有所增加。然而，该国的预期寿命在 2021 年和 2022 年大幅下降。虽然 2021 年的下降大部分归因于 COVID-19，但 2022 年损失的死因更为复杂。尽管两性都受到影响，但女性在 2022 年的预期寿命损失更大。贡献： 之前关于拉丁美洲 COVID-19 死亡率的研究提到了乌拉圭的特殊情况，该国在 2020 年几乎没有受到大流行的影响。事实上，那一年的死亡人数比预期的要少。在这里，我们将分析扩展到 2022 年底，表明与第一个大流行年不同，乌拉圭在 2021 年和 2022 年的死亡率大幅增加。