Whey protein concentrates (WPCs) are gaining importance as a functional ingredient due to their high technological and functional properties and their diverse application in the food industry. In this study, Camel milk whey (CW) was separated from skimmed camel milk, then either spray-dried (SD) at 170, 185 and 200 °C, or treated by ultrasonication (US) (20 kHz) for 5, 10 and 15 min followed by freeze-drying to obtain camel milk whey powder (CWP). The structural analysis of CWP was carried out by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) which showed no significant difference in the functional groups profile of US samples compared to control and SD samples. US samples showed some degree of crystallinity that was comparable to the control samples, while SD samples exhibited very low degree of crystallinity. The surface morphology, particle size, and surface charge of CWP were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Zetasizer. The lowest particle size of 215.1 nm with surface charge of −21.6 mv was observed in SD-185 WPC. Moreover, SD samples revealed whiter color compared to the US-treated samples which were having lower L* values (P < 0.05). US-15 sample exhibited high protein solubility (100 %), whereas the SD-200 sample showed reduced solubility (92.7 %). Improvement in the emulsifying activity of CWP samples was observed after SD and US, with highest emulsifying activity index (EAI) values of 143.75 m2/g and 143.11 m2/g were reported for SD-185 and US-15 CWP samples, respectively. To conclude, SD and US were found to improve the physico-chemical, technological, and functional properties of CWP, and thus can be utilized as a promising strategy to preserve and enhance the technofunctional properties of CWP.

中文翻译：

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使用热（喷雾干燥工艺）和非热（超声）加工方法配制的骆驼奶乳清粉：对物理化学、技术和功能特性的影响


乳清蛋白浓缩物 （WPC） 由于其高科技和功能特性以及在食品工业中的广泛应用，作为一种功能性成分越来越重要。在本研究中，将骆驼奶乳清 （CW） 与脱脂骆驼奶分离，然后在 170、185 和 200 °C 下喷雾干燥 （SD），或通过超声处理 （US） （20 kHz） 处理 5、10 和 15 分钟，然后冷冻干燥以获得骆驼奶乳清粉 （CWP）。CWP 的结构分析通过傅里叶变换红外光谱 （FTIR） 和 X 射线衍射 （XRD） 进行，结果显示与对照和 SD 样品相比，US 样品的官能团分布没有显着差异。US 样品显示出与对照样品相当的结晶度，而 SD 样品表现出非常低的结晶度。使用扫描电子显微镜 （SEM） 和 Zetasizer 评估 CWP 的表面形貌、粒径和表面电荷。在 SD-185 WPC 中观察到最低粒径为 215.1 nm，表面电荷为 -21.6 mv。此外，与美国处理的 L* 值较低的样品相比，SD 样品的颜色更白 （P < 0.05）。US-15 样品表现出高蛋白质溶解度 （100 %），而 SD-200 样品表现出降低的溶解度 （92.7 %）。在 SD 和 US 后观察到 CWP 样品的乳化活性有所改善，其中 SD-185 和 US-15 CWP 样品的乳化活性指数 （EAI） 值最高，分别为 143.75 m2/g 和 143.11 m2/g。总之，发现 SD 和 US 可以改善 CWP 的物理化学、技术和功能特性，因此可以作为一种有前途的策略来保持和增强 CWP 的技术功能特性。