As global demand for renewable energy consumption and environmental treatment intensifies, the development of innovative technologies and green materials for catalytic transformation is increasingly critical. Porphyrins, often referred to as the ‘pigments of life’, are notable for their macrocyclic π-conjugated electronic structures and distinctive light excitation/absorption properties. They have been widely used for oxygen transport, photosynthesis, as well as serving enzymatic catalytic centers in biological processes. However, the inherent strong π–π interactions among rigid porphyrin molecules lead to disordered stacking and self-aggregation, diminishing the accessibility of active sites and the efficiency of charge transfer during practical applications. Hybrid porphyrins with multidimensional nano-substrates, like graphene, metal oxide, et al. is a promising strategy that can not only mitigate self-aggregation of porphyrins but also can achieve a synergetic enhancement effect. Selecting suitable substrates and effective bonding interactions between the porphyrins and substrates are critical for achieving the desired performance in specific applications. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in porphyrin-based multidimensional nanomaterials (PMNs), focusing on the influence of nanoscale effects, performance enhancements, and their applications in energy conversion, storage, biomedicine, and environmental protection. It delves deeply into the role of interaction forces in boosting interfacial electron transfer for superior catalytic transformations. Additionally, it critically examines the correlations between the high loading and dispersion of porphyrin molecules, emphasizing strategies, structural design, nanoscale effects, and interfacial interactions. Notably, the discussion extends to the mechanistic links between the structure, properties, and applications of PMNs. The review concludes by addressing the critical challenges and future directions in this field.

中文翻译：

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基于卟啉的多维纳米材料的结构设计、改性和应用


随着全球对可再生能源消费和环境治理的需求日益增加，用于催化转化的创新技术和绿色材料的开发变得越来越重要。卟啉，通常被称为“生命的色素”，以其大环π共轭电子结构和独特的光激发/吸收特性而著称。它们已广泛用于氧气运输、光合作用，以及在生物过程中用作酶催化中心。然而，刚性卟啉分子之间固有的强 π-π 相互作用导致无序的堆叠和自聚集，从而降低了活性位点的可及性和实际应用中电荷转移的效率。与石墨烯、金属氧化物等多维纳米基材的杂化卟啉是一种很有前途的策略，不仅可以减轻卟啉的自聚集，还可以实现协同增强效果。选择合适的基材以及卟啉和基材之间的有效粘合相互作用对于在特定应用中实现所需性能至关重要。本文全面总结了基于卟啉的多维纳米材料 （PMN） 的最新进展，重点介绍了纳米尺度效应的影响、性能增强及其在能源转换、储存、生物医学和环境保护中的应用。它深入探讨了相互作用力在促进界面电子转移以实现卓越催化转化中的作用。 此外，它还批判性地研究了卟啉分子的高负载和分散之间的相关性，强调了策略、结构设计、纳米级效应和界面相互作用。值得注意的是，讨论扩展到 PMN 的结构、特性和应用之间的机制联系。本综述最后解决了该领域的关键挑战和未来方向。