CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing technology is a promising tool for genetically engineering immune cells and modulating immune systems. Although ex vivo genome editing of immune cells has reached clinical trials, in vivo application is still restricted by the instability and inefficient delivery of CRISPR–Cas9 components to immune cells through circulation. In this Review, we summarize ex vivo and in vivo strategies to deliver CRISPR–Cas9 components to both non-immune and immune cells. We review the progress made in non-immune cells because it offers insights that can be applied to advancing research in immune cells. We also discuss principles and challenges of immune system modulation using CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing technology.

CRISPR-Cas9 基因组编辑技术是基因工程免疫细胞和调节免疫系统的一种很有前途的工具。尽管免疫细胞的离体基因组编辑已进入临床试验，但体内应用仍然受到 CRISPR-Cas9 成分通过循环向免疫细胞的不稳定性和低效递送的限制。在这篇综述中，我们总结了将 CRISPR-Cas9 成分递送到非免疫细胞和免疫细胞的离体和体内策略。我们回顾了在非免疫细胞方面取得的进展，因为它提供了可用于推进免疫细胞研究的见解。我们还讨论了使用 CRISPR-Cas9 基因组编辑技术进行免疫系统调节的原理和挑战。