Bees are exposed to several threats, including pathogens (i.e. Nosema ceranae), pesticides and environmental contaminants. The new insecticide flupyradifurone, and the microplastics in the environment, have raised significant concerns on bee health. This study evaluated the simultaneous effects of microplastics, flupyradifurone, and N. ceranae on honey bee health, focusing on survival rates, N. ceranae replication, daily food consumption, and bee midgut histological alterations. Results showed a significant decrease in bee longevity across all treatments compared to the control, with the combination of flupyradifurone, microplastics, and N. ceranae having the most severe impact. Microplastics and flupyradifurone exposure also increased N. ceranae proliferation, especially in bees subjected to both stressors. Histological analysis revealed reduced regenerative cell nests in the midgut and changes in the nuclear matrix, indicating stress responses. Overall, the simultaneous presence of both biotic and abiotic stressors in nature can synergistically interact, leading to harmful effects on bees.

中文翻译：

---

微塑料摄入和共同暴露于 Nosema ceranae 和 flupyradifurone 会降低蜜蜂 （Apis mellifera L.） 的存活率。


蜜蜂面临多种威胁，包括病原体（即 Nosema ceranae）、杀虫剂和环境污染物。新型杀虫剂氟吡呋喃酮和环境中的微塑料引起了人们对蜜蜂健康的严重担忧。本研究评估了微塑料、氟吡呋喃酮和蜜蜂中肠菌对蜜蜂健康的同时影响，重点关注存活率、菌菌复制、日常食物消耗和蜜蜂中肠组织学改变。结果显示，与对照组相比，所有处理的蜜蜂寿命均显著缩短，其中氟吡呋喃酮、微塑料和中华猪笼草的组合影响最严重。微塑料和氟吡呋喃酮暴露也增加了 N. ceranae 的增殖，尤其是在受到这两种压力源的蜜蜂中。组织学分析显示中肠再生细胞巢减少，核基质发生变化，表明应激反应。总体而言，自然界中同时存在的生物和非生物压力源可以协同相互作用，从而对蜜蜂产生有害影响。