The malaria vaccination landscape has seen significant advancements with the recent endorsement of RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M vaccines, which target the pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection. However, several challenges remain to be addressed, including the incomplete protection afforded by these vaccines, their dependence on a single Pf antigen, and the fact that they were not designed to protect against P. vivax (Pv) malaria. Injectable formulations of whole-sporozoite (WSpz) malaria vaccines offer a promising alternative to existing subunit vaccines, with recent developments including genetically engineered parasites and optimized administration regimens. Clinical evaluations demonstrate varying efficacy, influenced by factors, such as immune status, prior exposure to malaria, and age. Despite significant progress, a few hurdles persist in vaccine production, deployment, and efficacy in malaria-endemic regions, particularly in children. Concurrently, transgenic parasites expressing Pv antigens emerge as potential solutions for PvWSpz vaccine development. Ongoing clinical studies and advancements in vaccine technology, including the recently described PfSPZ-LARC2 candidate, signify a hopeful future for WSpz malaria vaccines, which hold great promise in the global fight against malaria.

中文翻译：

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全子孢子疟疾疫苗：我们在哪里，我们要去哪里。


随着最近 RTS、S/AS01 和 R21/Matrix-M 疫苗的认可，疟疾疫苗接种前景取得了重大进展，这些疫苗针对恶性疟原虫 （Pf） 感染的红细胞前阶段。然而，仍存在一些有待解决的挑战，包括这些疫苗提供的保护不完整、它们对单一 Pf 抗原的依赖性以及它们不是为预防间日疟原虫 （Pv） 疟疾而设计的事实。全子孢子 （WSpz） 疟疾疫苗的注射制剂为现有亚单位疫苗提供了一种有前途的替代品，最近的发展包括转基因寄生虫和优化的给药方案。临床评估表明，受免疫状态、既往疟疾暴露史和年龄等因素的影响，疗效各不相同。尽管取得了重大进展，但在疟疾流行地区，尤其是儿童，疫苗生产、部署和疗效方面仍然存在一些障碍。同时，表达 Pv 抗原的转基因寄生虫成为 PvWSpz 疫苗开发的潜在解决方案。正在进行的临床研究和疫苗技术的进步，包括最近描述的 PfSPZ-LARC2 候选疫苗，标志着 WSpz 疟疾疫苗的充满希望的未来，该疫苗在全球抗疟疾斗争中前景广阔。