The terrestrial subsurface is estimated to be the largest reservoir of microbial life on Earth. However, the subsurface also harbours economic, industrial and environmental resources, on which humans heavily rely, including diverse energy sources and formations for the storage of industrial waste and carbon dioxide for climate change mitigation. As a result of this anthropogenic activity, the subsurface landscape is transformed, including the subsurface biosphere. Through the creation of new environments and the introduction of substrates that fuel microbial life, the structure and function of subsurface microbiomes shift markedly. These microbial changes often have unintended effects on overall ecosystem function and are frequently challenging to manage from the surface of the Earth. In this Review, we highlight emerging research that investigates the impacts of anthropogenic activity on the terrestrial subsurface biosphere. We explore how humans alter the constraints on microbial life in the subsurface through drilling, mining, contamination and resource extraction, along with the resulting impacts of microorganisms on resource recovery and subsurface infrastructure.

据估计，陆地地下是地球上最大的微生物生命库。然而，地下也蕴藏着人类严重依赖的经济、工业和环境资源，包括用于储存工业废物和二氧化碳以缓解气候变化的各种能源和地层。由于这种人为活动，地下景观发生了变化，包括地下生物圈。通过创造新环境和引入为微生物生命提供动力的基质，地下微生物组的结构和功能发生了显着变化。这些微生物变化通常会对整体生态系统功能产生意想不到的影响，并且通常很难从地球表面进行管理。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了调查人为活动对陆地地下生物圈影响的新兴研究。我们探讨了人类如何通过钻探、采矿、污染和资源开采来改变对地下微生物生命的限制，以及由此产生的微生物对资源恢复和地下基础设施的影响。