Supramolecular chemistry is based on intermolecular bonds, where substances dynamically bind together through noncovalent interactions. These dynamic forces allow the macrocyclic molecules and guest molecules to form stable assemblies, with high stability under physiological conditions, making them suitable for in vivo drug delivery. These dynamic noncovalent bonds are easily influenced by external stimuli such as light, heat, pH, and oxidation; thus, the assemblies induced by supramolecular interactions exhibit high diversity and flexibility in response to external stimuli, providing an effective method for simulating natural and physiological processes. The host–guest interactions induced self-assemblies have been applied across multiple dimensions, ranging from the molecular level to the cellular level, for detoxification, targeted drug delivery, and therapeutic studies. At the molecular level, macrocyclic molecules can encapsulate toxic substances from the bloodstream, serving as a solution for emergency detoxification. At the nanoscale level, host–guest interactions can induce the formation of multiple nanostructures including nanomicelles, nanocapsules, nanovesicles, and nanoparticles. The host–guest interactions can enhance the stability of nanostructures and impart them with stimuli sensitivity, which is highly significant in specific microenvironments like tumors. Nanostructures induced by the host–guest interactions possess optimized drug release profiles and pharmacokinetic features, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy while mitigating side effects. At the microscale level, the host–guest interactions can induce the formation of various microassemblies including hydrogels, microfibers, and microtube aggregates. Moreover, microassemblies show superior potential in morphology transformation for controlling cell activity and diseases. Additionally, at the level of biological components, host–guest interactions can induce the assembly of peptides and organelles within cells and having the cell–cell or cell–particle assemblies as hitchhikers at the cellular level. Therefore, this Account aims to summarize the applications of host–guest interactions induced self-assemblies at various levels and the latest research in supramolecular self-assembly, with a particular focus on the progress in our research group. We hope that this account not only reveals the applications of therapeutic supramolecular self-assemblies but also provides new insights into the design of smart drug delivery systems.

中文翻译：

---

超分子聚集体和搭便车者


超分子化学基于分子间键，其中物质通过非共价相互作用动态结合在一起。这些动态力使大环分子和客体分子形成稳定的组装体，在生理条件下具有很高的稳定性，使其适合体内药物递送。这些动态非共价键很容易受到光、热、pH 值和氧化等外部刺激的影响;因此，由超分子相互作用诱导的组装体在响应外部刺激时表现出高度的多样性和灵活性，为模拟自然和生理过程提供了一种有效的方法。主客体相互作用诱导的自组装已应用于多个维度，从分子水平到细胞水平，用于解毒、靶向药物递送和治疗研究。在分子水平上，大环分子可以封装血液中的有毒物质，作为紧急解毒的解决方案。在纳米级，主客体相互作用可以诱导多种纳米结构的形成，包括纳米胶束、纳米胶囊、纳米囊泡和纳米颗粒。主客体相互作用可以增强纳米结构的稳定性，并赋予它们刺激敏感性，这在肿瘤等特定微环境中非常重要。由主客体相互作用诱导的纳米结构具有优化的药物释放曲线和药代动力学特征，从而提高治疗效果，同时减轻副作用。在微观水平上，主客体相互作用可以诱导各种微组装体的形成，包括水凝胶、微纤维和微管聚集体。 此外，微组装体在控制细胞活性和疾病的形态转化中显示出卓越的潜力。此外，在生物成分水平上，主客体相互作用可以诱导细胞内肽和细胞器的组装，并使细胞-细胞或细胞-粒子组装在细胞水平上作为搭便车者。因此，本账户旨在总结主客体相互作用诱导的自组装在不同层次上的应用以及超分子自组装的最新研究，特别关注我们研究小组的进展。我们希望这个账户不仅揭示了治疗性超分子自组装的应用，而且为智能药物递送系统的设计提供了新的见解。