Species life history and anthropogenic influence are important drivers of population performance and viability in human‐dominated ecosystems. How these factors affect habitat selection and occupancy in long‐lived species is an important topic for their conservation. Long‐term datasets are needed for establishing the underlying drivers of this process. In this 22 year‐long study, we conducted annual surveys of Bonelli's eagle in the east of the Iberian Peninsula. During this period, 42.8% of the known territories remained unoccupied. Territories with a higher likelihood of raising two chicks over time were stable, evidenced by a lower coefficient of variation in productivity, and were more likely to remain occupied. Moreover, territories with lower habitat diversity, dominated by coniferous forest or agricultural fields, and those located further away from the coast and at higher altitudes showed lower rates of occupancy (i.e., unoccupied >3 consecutive years). To validate these associations, we monitored space use of 22 individuals equipped with Global Positioning System/Global System for Mobile (GPS/GSM) transmitters, which confirmed that eagles selected for open habitats (mainly scrublands and transitional woodland‐scrubs) intermixed with forest areas within their home ranges. In contrast, individuals avoided areas dominated by agricultural, urban, and continuous forests for breeding in line with the observations for unoccupied territories. Our results highlight the important interplay between natural and anthropogenic factors, which also have important implications for other raptor species. Preservation of the most productive territories and the re‐occupancy of unoccupied territories along with reducing threats in the preferred habitats are fundamental actions that should be taken immediately to sustain viable populations. Potential management actions include enhancing natural prey density through habitat restoration and conservation, mitigating threats and reducing mortality risks due to power lines, fences, poisoning, and maintaining habitat heterogeneity important to eagles' hunting activities.

中文翻译：

---

繁殖或不繁殖：领土占用率由繁殖性能和栖息地异质性预测


物种生活史和人为影响是人类主导生态系统中种群表现和生存能力的重要驱动因素。这些因素如何影响长寿物种的栖息地选择和占用是保护它们的一个重要话题。需要长期数据集来确定此过程的潜在驱动因素。在这项为期 22 年的研究中，我们对伊比利亚半岛东部的伯奈利鹰进行了年度调查。在此期间，42.8% 的已知领土仍未被占领。随着时间的推移，饲养两只雏鸡的可能性较高的区域是稳定的，生产力的变异系数较低证明了这一点，并且更有可能保持被占用状态。此外，栖息地多样性较低的地区，以针叶林或农田为主，以及那些远离海岸和较高海拔的地区，其占用率较低（即连续 >3 年未被占用）。为了验证这些关联，我们监测了 22 只配备全球定位系统/全球移动系统 （GPS/GSM） 发射器的个体的空间使用情况，这证实了选择开阔栖息地（主要是灌木丛和过渡林地灌木丛）的鹰与其栖息地内的森林地区混合。相比之下，个体避开了以农业、城市和连续森林为主的地区进行繁殖，这与对未占领地区的观察一致。我们的结果强调了自然因素和人为因素之间的重要相互作用，这对其他猛禽物种也有重要影响。 保护最富饶的领土和重新占领未被占领的领土，以及减少首选栖息地的威胁，是应该立即采取的基本行动，以维持有活力的种群。可能的管理行动包括通过栖息地恢复和保护来提高自然猎物密度，减轻威胁并降低因电线、栅栏、中毒而导致的死亡风险，以及维持对老鹰狩猎活动很重要的栖息地异质性。