The majority of intimate partner violence (IPV) research is unidirectional, focusing on IPV use (i.e., perpetration) or experience (i.e., victimization). However, when IPV use and experience data are simultaneously included in analyses, bidirectional IPV often emerges as a common IPV pattern. The objective of this study was to examine patterns of IPV use and experience, risk factors that may be associated with these patterns, and potential gender differences within a sample of post-9/11 Veterans. This study included a national sample of post-9/11 Veterans ( N = 1,150; 50.3% women) who completed self-report measures at two timepoints. We performed a latent class analysis (LCA) to determine the appropriate number of IPV classes, conducted sensitivity analyses, and examined factors potentially associated with IPV class membership. We identified three distinct classes of IPV: Low to no IPV, Bidirectional Psychological IPV, and Bidirectional Multiform IPV. Men and women reported similar rates of IPV use and experience, and there were no gender differences in the LCA model. However, race and ethnicity, employment status, children in the household, marital status, child abuse or witnessing family violence, lifetime physical assault, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and binge drinking were differentially associated with class membership. This study extends existing knowledge on patterns of IPV among Veterans and factors associated with these patterns. Bidirectional IPV was the most common IPV pattern, underscoring the importance of examining IPV use and experience concurrently within research and clinical samples, and developing comprehensive IPV screening and treatment strategies that incorporate bidirectional IPV in work to advance relationship health and safety among Veterans.

中文翻译：

---

退伍军人亲密伴侣暴力模式：潜在阶级分析


大多数亲密伴侣暴力 （IPV） 研究是单向的，侧重于 IPV 使用（即犯罪）或体验（即受害）。然而，当 IPV 使用和体验数据同时包含在分析中时，双向 IPV 通常成为一种常见的 IPV 模式。本研究的目的是检查 IPV 使用和体验的模式、可能与这些模式相关的风险因素以及 9/11 后退伍军人样本中的潜在性别差异。这项研究包括 9/11 后退伍军人 （ N = 1,150;50.3% 女性） 的全国样本，他们在两个时间点完成了自我报告测量。我们进行了潜在类别分析 （LCA） 以确定 IPV 类别的适当数量，进行了敏感性分析，并检查了可能与 IPV 类别成员相关的因素。我们确定了 IPV 的三类不同类别：低或无 IPV、双向心理 IPV 和双向多形式 IPV。男性和女性报告的 IPV 使用率和经验相似，LCA 模型中没有性别差异。然而，种族和民族、就业状况、家庭子女、婚姻状况、虐待儿童或目睹家庭暴力、终生身体攻击、创伤后应激症状和酗酒与班级成员身份存在差异相关性。这项研究扩展了关于退伍军人 IPV 模式以及与这些模式相关的因素的现有知识。双向 IPV 是最常见的 IPV 模式，强调了在研究和临床样本中同时检查 IPV 使用和经验的重要性，并制定全面的 IPV 筛查和治疗策略，将双向 IPV 纳入工作中，以促进退伍军人之间的关系健康和安全。