Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in males worldwide. Increasing research attention has focused on the PCa microenvironment, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key components of the PCa microenvironment, including immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota, and explore their implications for diagnosis and treatment. Keywords such as “prostate cancer”, “tumor microenvironment”, “immune cells”, “vascular system”, “stromal cells”, and “microbiota” were used for literature retrieval through online databases including PubMed and Web of Science. Studies related to the PCa microenvironment were selected, with a particular focus on those discussing the roles of immune cells, vascular systems, stromal cells, and microbiota in the development, progression, and treatment of PCa. The selection criteria prioritized peer-reviewed articles published in the last five years, aiming to summarize and analyze the latest research advancements and clinical relevance regarding the PCa microenvironment. The PCa microenvironment is highly complex and dynamic, with immune cells contributing to immunosuppressive conditions, stromal cells promoting tumor growth, and microbiota potentially affecting androgen metabolism. Vascular systems support angiogenesis, which fosters tumor expansion. Understanding these components offers insight into the mechanisms driving PCa progression and opens avenues for novel therapeutic strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment. A deeper understanding of the PCa microenvironment is crucial for advancing diagnostic techniques and developing precision therapies. This review highlights the potential of targeting the microenvironment to improve patient outcomes, emphasizing its significance in the broader context of PCa research and treatment innovation.

中文翻译：

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前列腺癌微环境：免疫细胞、血管系统、基质细胞和微生物群的多维调节


前列腺癌 （PCa） 是全球男性最普遍的恶性肿瘤之一。越来越多的研究关注集中在 PCa 微环境中，它在肿瘤进展和治疗耐药性中起着至关重要的作用。本文旨在全面概述 PCa 微环境的关键组成部分，包括免疫细胞、血管系统、基质细胞和微生物群，并探讨它们对诊断和治疗的影响。使用 “prostate cancer” ， “tumor microenvironment” ， “immune cells” ， “vascular system” 和 “microbiota” 等关键词通过包括 PubMed 和 Web of Science 在内的在线数据库进行文献检索。选择了与 PCa 微环境相关的研究，特别关注那些讨论免疫细胞、血管系统、基质细胞和微生物群在 PCa 发生、进展和治疗中的作用的研究。选择标准优先考虑过去五年发表的同行评审文章，旨在总结和分析有关 PCa 微环境的最新研究进展和临床相关性。PCa 微环境高度复杂和动态，免疫细胞有助于免疫抑制条件，基质细胞促进肿瘤生长，微生物群可能影响雄激素代谢。血管系统支持血管生成，从而促进肿瘤扩增。了解这些成分有助于深入了解驱动 PCa 进展的机制，并为针对肿瘤微环境的新型治疗策略开辟途径。更深入地了解 PCa 微环境对于推进诊断技术和开发精准疗法至关重要。 本综述强调了针对微环境以改善患者预后的潜力，强调了其在 PCa 研究和治疗创新的更广泛背景下的重要性。