Conjugated covalent organic cages (cCOCs) are three-dimensional (3D) giant molecules characterized by π-conjugated skeletons and interconnected multi-windows. Their atomically precise and stable structures, combined with intriguing optoelectronic properties, have garnered significant attention for interpreting aromaticity and exploring host-guest interactions. However, a critical limitation of cCOCs is the challenge of synthesizing them with on-demand compositions, topologies, sizes, functionalities, and properties. This difficulty arises from high strain barriers and complex synthetic processes that often yield low outputs. In the past decade, various synthetic strategies have been developed to address these challenges. In this review, we first categorize cCOCs into four distinct classes based on the nature of their bridging fragments. We then provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the rational bottom-up synthesis of 3D cCOCs, along with insights into their aromaticity and host-guest interactions. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions for cCOCs, particularly in the context of novel optoelectronic applications.

中文翻译：

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共轭共价有机笼的进展和合成策略


共轭共价有机笼 （cCOC） 是三维 （3D） 巨分子，其特征是π共轭骨架和互连的多窗口。它们原子精确和稳定的结构，加上有趣的光电特性，在解释芳香性和探索主客体相互作用方面获得了极大的关注。然而，cCOCs 的一个关键限制是难以将它们与按需组成、拓扑结构、大小、功能和特性合成。这种困难是由于高应变垒和复杂的合成过程引起的，这些过程通常会产生低产量。在过去十年中，已经开发了各种合成策略来应对这些挑战。在这篇综述中，我们首先根据 cCOCs 桥接片段的性质将其分为四个不同的类别。然后，我们全面概述了 3D cCOCs 自下而上合理合成的最新进展，并深入了解了它们的芳香性和主客体相互作用。最后，我们讨论了 cCOCs 的当前挑战和未来方向，特别是在新型光电应用的背景下。