The influx of refugees, population growth and current agricultural practices have led to an increase in water demand in Jordan, placing pressure on existing water provision. Climate change further exacerbates declining water availability. Against this backdrop, the techno-economic feasibility of four water supply and sanitation alternatives for small and medium scale cities in Jordan were explored, using local unit costs and Al-Mafraq as a case study. City level piped network combined with household rooftop rainwater harvesting and surface runoff collection into local ponds and piped networks with treatment using the nature-based solution of root-zone for sanitation were demonstrated to provide the highest benefits in terms of cost, convenience and water conservation. Our work highlights the need to invest in long-term urban infrastructure networks to promote sustainable future growth of cities. This is vital to address severe water scarcity challenges that ultimately impact those at the urban fringes most.

难民涌入、人口增长和当前的农业实践导致约旦的用水需求增加，给现有的供水带来了压力。气候变化进一步加剧了水资源供应量的下降。在此背景下，以当地单位成本和 Al-Mafraq 为案例研究，探讨了约旦中小型城市的四种供水和卫生替代方案的技术经济可行性。城市级管道网络与家庭屋顶雨水收集和地表径流收集到当地池塘和管道网络相结合，并使用基于自然的根区卫生解决方案进行处理，在成本、便利性和节水方面提供最高的好处。我们的工作强调需要投资于长期城市基础设施网络，以促进城市未来的可持续增长。这对于解决最终对城市边缘地区影响最大的严重水资源短缺挑战至关重要。