To meet growing fish demand, aquaculture must develop sustainable, cost-effective, and high-performance fish feed formulations for industry advancement. Plant-based lipids are a viable alternative to forage fish ingredients in finfish diets. However, most plant-derived lipids lack long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) like EPA and DHA, which are nutritionally essential for fish. This review summarizes recent findings on the nutritional aspects of fish brood stock and sperm quality, emphasizing the effects of fatty acids on reproductive outcomes. Studies indicate that substituting fish oil with plant oils alters the fatty acid profiles in fish tissues and gametes, potentially compromising sperm quality, cryopreservation success, and progeny viability. Sperm membrane lipids, including EPA, DHA, and ARA, are vital for motility and fertilization rates post-thaw. Additionally, cryopreservation has been linked to molecular and epigenetic alterations in sperm, which may negatively affect offspring quality. The role of mRNA and noncoding RNA in regulating sperm function and embryonic development is well known, and thus any damage to these molecules as a consequence of cryopreservation might induce long-term effects on offspring. Proteomic analyses reveal that cryopreservation can lead to significant protein loss in sperm, diminishing their functional and fertilization capabilities. Optimizing cryoprotectant protocols and freezing techniques is crucial to reduce damage, while dietary fatty acids play a key role in preserving sperm quality during cryopreservation stress. Further research with omic technologies is crucial to fully understand sperm tolerance to cryopreservation, which will improve reproductive outcomes and enhance sustainability and quality in aquaculture.

中文翻译：

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膳食脂肪酸对鱼精子对冷冻保存耐受性的影响


为了满足不断增长的鱼类需求，水产养殖必须开发可持续、经济高效且高性能的鱼饲料配方，以促进行业发展。植物性脂质是有鳍鱼类饮食中饲料鱼成分的可行替代品。然而，大多数植物来源的脂质缺乏长链多不饱和脂肪酸 （LC-PUFA），如 EPA 和 DHA，而这些脂肪酸对鱼类来说是必不可少的营养物质。本综述总结了关于鱼亲鱼种群营养方面和精子质量的最新发现，强调了脂肪酸对繁殖结果的影响。研究表明，用植物油代替鱼油会改变鱼组织和配子中的脂肪酸谱，从而可能影响精子质量、冷冻保存成功和后代活力。精膜脂质，包括 EPA、DHA 和 ARA，对解冻后的运动和受精率至关重要。此外，冷冻保存与精子的分子和表观遗传改变有关，这可能会对后代质量产生负面影响。mRNA 和非编码 RNA 在调节精子功能和非胚胎发育中的作用是众所周知的，因此冷冻保存对这些分子的任何损害都可能对后代产生长期影响。蛋白质组学分析表明，冷冻保存会导致精子中蛋白质的大量丢失，从而降低其功能和受精能力。优化冷冻保护剂方案和冷冻技术对于减少损伤至关重要，而膳食脂肪酸在低温保存应激期间保持精子质量方面起着关键作用。 使用组学技术进行进一步研究对于充分了解精子对冷冻保存的耐受性至关重要，这将改善繁殖结果并提高水产养殖的可持续性和质量。