Climate change‐induced extreme weather and related drought and flood conditions are heterogeneous across space and time. The variability in location, timing, and magnitude of rainfall can alter how species respond to the drought and flood disturbances. To further complicate this matter, when droughts end they are often followed by extreme flooding, which are rarely considered as a disturbance (Humphries et al. 2024), let alone assessed with its own heterogeneity. Consequently, it is difficult to quantify impacts on ecological communities across large spatiotemporal scales without considering flood‐drought disturbance characteristics in sequence (Burton et al. 2020). We hypothesized that native organisms have evolved resistance to withstand repeated cycles of drought‐flood disturbances, and that established non‐native species have adapted to persist in novel conditions. To test this, we fit spatiotemporal models of species occurrence with local rainfall patterns as covariates in the drought and flood impacted Murray‐Darling basin in Australia during the decade long Millenium Drought, and its recovery period. During these drought conditions, river‐floodplain organisms in the Murray‐Darling became localized in refugia that limited longitudinal and lateral connectivity (Bond et al. 2008), and following flooding the same organisms were exposed to dispersal and recruitment opportunities (Humphries et al. 2020), as well as to hypoxic blackwater events that lead to the mortality of aquatic organisms (Small et al. 2014). At the basin‐scale we found that the range size of most native and non‐native fishes were highly resistant to the extreme drought and post‐flood conditions. At local scales, species richness, or detection, actually increased under drought conditions. Both findings highlight the resistance of species to climate change driven extreme weather, which opens new questions on community adaptations.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚鱼类群落对干旱和洪水的抵抗力：对气候变化和适应的影响


气候变化引起的极端天气以及相关的干旱和洪水条件在空间和时间上是异质的。降雨位置、时间和量级的变化会改变物种对干旱和洪水干扰的反应。使这个问题更加复杂的是，当干旱结束时，它们往往伴随着极端洪水，这很少被视为干扰（Humphries 等人，2024 年），更不用说用其自身的异质性进行评估了。因此，如果不按顺序考虑洪水-干旱干扰特征，就很难量化大时空尺度对生态群落的影响（Burton 等人，2020 年）。我们假设本地生物已经进化出抵抗力以承受反复的干旱-洪水干扰循环，并且已建立的非本地物种已经适应了在新条件下持续存在。为了测试这一点，我们将物种出现的时空模型与当地降雨模式拟合，作为在长达十年的千年干旱及其恢复期间受干旱和洪水影响的澳大利亚墨累-达令盆地的协变量。在这些干旱条件下，墨累-达令河的河流洪泛区生物位于避难所中，限制了纵向和横向连接（Bond 等人，2008 年），洪水后，相同的生物暴露在扩散和招募机会中（Humphries 等人，2020 年），以及导致水生生物死亡的缺氧黑水事件（Small 等人，2014 年）。在流域尺度上，我们发现大多数本地和非本地鱼类的分布范围大小对极端干旱和洪水后条件具有很强的抵抗力。在局部尺度上，物种丰富度或检测实际上在干旱条件下增加。 这两项发现都强调了物种对气候变化驱动的极端天气的抵抗力，这为群落适应提出了新的问题。