According to the widely accepted “three Es” model, the host immune system eliminates malignant cell precursors and contains microscopic neoplasms in a dynamic equilibrium, preventing cancer outgrowth until neoplastic cells acquire genetic or epigenetic alterations that enable immune escape. This immunoevasive phenotype originates from various mechanisms that can be classified under a novel “three Cs” conceptual framework: (1) camouflage, which hides cancer cells from immune recognition, (2) coercion, which directly or indirectly interferes with immune effector cells, and (3) cytoprotection, which shields malignant cells from immune cytotoxicity. Blocking the ability of neoplastic cells to evade the host immune system is crucial for increasing the efficacy of modern immunotherapy and conventional therapeutic strategies that ultimately activate anticancer immunosurveillance. Here, we review key hallmarks of cancer immune evasion under the “three Cs” framework and discuss promising strategies targeting such immunoevasive mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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癌症免疫逃避的标志


根据广泛接受的“三个 E”模型，宿主免疫系统消除恶性细胞前体，并将微小的肿瘤置于动态平衡状态，防止癌症生长，直到肿瘤细胞获得能够免疫逃逸的遗传或表观遗传改变。这种免疫逃避表型起源于各种机制，这些机制可以归类为新颖的“三个 C”概念框架：（1） 伪装，隐藏癌细胞免受免疫识别，（2） 胁迫，直接或间接干扰免疫效应细胞，以及 （3） 细胞保护，保护恶性细胞免受免疫细胞毒性。阻断肿瘤细胞逃避宿主免疫系统的能力对于提高现代免疫疗法和最终激活抗癌免疫监视的常规治疗策略的疗效至关重要。在这里，我们回顾了“三个 C”框架下癌症免疫逃避的关键特征，并讨论了针对此类免疫逃避机制的有前途的策略。