The global goal for decarbonization of the energy sector and the chemical industry could become a reality by a massive increase in renewable-based technologies. For this clean energy transition, the versatile green ammonia may play a key role in the future as a fossil-free fertilizer, long-term energy storage medium, chemical feedstock, and clean burning fuel for transportation and decentralized power generation. The high energy-intensive industrial ammonia production has triggered researchers to look for a step change in new synthetic approaches powered by renewable energies. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of light-mediated N₂ fixation technologies for green ammonia production, including photocatalytic, photoelectrocatalytic, PV-electrocatalytic and photothermocatalytic routes. Since these approaches are still at laboratory scale, we examine the most recent developments and discuss the open challenges for future improvements. Last, we offer a technoeconomic comparison of current and emerging ammonia production technologies, highlighting costs, barriers, recommendations, and potential opportunities for the real development of the next generation of green ammonia solutions.

中文翻译：

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用于绿氨生产的光驱动固氮路线


通过大规模增加基于可再生能源的技术，能源部门和化学工业脱碳的全球目标可能会成为现实。对于这种清洁能源转型，多功能绿氨可能在未来发挥关键作用，作为无化石燃料、长期储能介质、化学原料以及用于运输和分散发电的清洁燃烧燃料。高能耗的工业氨生产促使研究人员在由可再生能源驱动的新合成方法中寻找重大变化。本文对光介导的 N₂ 固定技术在绿氨生产中的技术进行了全面比较，包括光催化、光电催化、PV 电催化和光热催化路线。由于这些方法仍处于实验室规模，因此我们研究了最新的发展并讨论了未来改进的开放挑战。最后，我们对当前和新兴的氨生产技术进行了技术经济学比较，重点介绍了真正开发下一代绿色氨解决方案的成本、障碍、建议和潜在机会。