Above–belowground insect herbivore interactions and plant compensatory growth are crucial for reshaping the fitness of invasive plants, and it is likely that climate warming, nitrogen (N) deposition, and plant provenance influence this interaction and growth in a complex way. We performed an experiment with Solidago canadensis from home and introduced ranges, leaf‐chewing Spodoptera litura, and root‐feeding Protaetia brevitarsis under climate warming and N deposition, and addressed how these abiotic stressors and plant provenance jointly shaped the reciprocal effects between S. litura and P. brevitarsis and the compensatory growth of S. canadensis after herbivory. Under ambient conditions, S. litura and P. brevitarsis inhibited each other on the basis of growth; warming, N addition or warming plus N addition shifted or even reversed this competition depending on provenance. While the survival‐based above–belowground interactions differed from growth‐based ones, warming or warming plus N addition also shifted or even reversed the neutralism or amensalism detected under ambient conditions depending on provenance. S. canadensis from its home range was more tolerant of herbivory than from its introduced range under ambient conditions; warming, N addition or warming plus N addition decreased the plant compensatory growth of native S. canadensis, but increased that of invasive S. canadensis relative to ambient conditions. These findings suggest that climate warming and N deposition could enhance positive above–belowground insect interactions, increasing insect pressures on S. canadensis, and that plant provenance might be important in mediating climate change effects on insect interactions and host compensatory growth under plant invasions.

中文翻译：

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变暖、氮沉积和物源地上昆虫相互作用和宿主补偿性生长


地上-地下昆虫食草动物的相互作用和植物补偿性生长对于重塑入侵植物的适应性至关重要，气候变暖、氮 （N） 沉积和植物来源可能会以复杂的方式影响这种相互作用和生长。我们在家中对加拿大一枝黄花进行了实验，并在气候变暖和氮沉积下引入了范围、咀嚼叶的斜纹夜蛾和根食的短夜蛾，并解决了这些非生物胁迫因素和植物来源如何共同塑造 S. litura 和 P. brevitarsis 之间的互惠效应以及 S. canadensis 在食草后的代偿性生长。在环境条件下，S. litura 和 P. brevitarsis 在生长的基础上相互抑制;变暖、氮添加或变暖加氮添加改变了甚至逆转了这种竞争，具体取决于来源。虽然基于生存的地上-地下相互作用与基于生长的相互作用不同，但变暖或变暖加氮添加也改变甚至逆转了在环境条件下检测到的中性或异常性，具体取决于来源。在环境条件下，来自其家乡分布地的 S. canadensis 比其引入的分布区对食草更耐受;变暖、氮添加或增温加氮添加降低了本地加拿大链球菌的植物补偿性生长，但相对于环境条件，侵袭性加拿大链球菌的植物补偿性生长增加了。这些发现表明，气候变暖和氮沉降可以增强地上昆虫的积极相互作用，增加昆虫对 S. canadensis 的压力，并且植物种源可能在介导气候变化对昆虫相互作用的影响和植物入侵下的宿主补偿性生长方面发挥重要作用。