Geothermal energy is a green source of power that could play an important role in climate-conscious energy portfolios; enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) have the potential to scale up exploitation of thermal resources. During hydraulic fracturing, fluids injected under high-pressure cause the rock mass to fail, stimulating fractures that improve fluid connectivity. However, this increase of pore fluid pressure can also reactivate pre-existing fault systems, potentially inducing earthquakes of significant size. Induced earthquakes are a significant concern for EGS operations. In some cases, ground shaking nuisance, building damages, or injuries have spurred the early termination of projects (e.g., Basel, Pohang). On the other hand, EGS operations at Soultz-sous-Forêts (France), Helsinki (Finland), Blue Mountain (Nevada, USA), and Utah FORGE (USA) have adequately managed induced earthquake risks. The success of an EGS operation depends on economical reservoir enhancements, while maintaining acceptable seismic risk levels. This requires state-of-the-art seismic risk management. This article reviews domains of seismology, earthquake engineering, risk management, and communication. We then synthesize “good practice” recommendations for evaluating, mitigating, and communicating the risk of induced seismicity. We advocate for a modular approach. Recommendations are provided for key technical aspects including (a) a seismic risk management framework, (b) seismic risk pre-screening, (c) comprehensive seismic hazard and risk evaluation, (d) traffic light protocol designs, (e) seismic monitoring implementation, and (f) step-by-step communication plans. Our recommendations adhere to regulatory best practices, to ensure their general applicability. Our guidelines provide a template for effective earthquake risk management and future research directions.

中文翻译：

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管理增强型地热系统的诱发地震风险：良好实践指南


地热能是一种绿色能源，可以在具有气候意识的能源组合中发挥重要作用;增强型地热系统 （EGS） 有可能扩大热资源的开采。在水力压裂过程中，在高压下注入的流体会导致岩体崩塌，从而刺激裂缝，从而改善流体连通性。然而，孔隙流体压力的增加也会重新激活先前存在的断层系统，从而可能诱发大规模的地震。诱发地震是 EGS 运营的一个重大问题。在某些情况下，地面震动滋扰、建筑物损坏或伤害促使项目提前终止（例如巴塞尔、浦项）。另一方面，位于 Soultz-sous-Forêts（法国）、赫尔辛基（芬兰）、Blue Mountain（美国内华达州）和 Utah FORGE（美国）的 EGS 作业已经充分管理了诱发地震风险。EGS 操作的成功取决于经济的储层增强，同时保持可接受的地震风险水平。这需要最先进的地震风险管理。本文回顾了地震学、地震工程、风险管理和通信等领域。然后，我们综合了评估、减轻和传达诱发地震风险的“良好实践”建议。我们提倡模块化方法。为关键技术方面提供了建议，包括 （a） 地震风险管理框架，（b） 地震风险预筛查，（c） 全面的地震危害和风险评估，（d） 交通信号灯协议设计，（e） 地震监测实施，以及 （f） 分步通信计划。我们的建议遵循监管最佳实践，以确保其普遍适用性。 我们的指南为有效的地震风险管理和未来的研究方向提供了模板。