ImportanceIndividuals exposed to discrimination may exhibit greater epigenetic age acceleration (ie, cellular indicators of premature aging) over time, but few studies have examined longitudinal changes in epigenetic age acceleration, the heterogeneity in these changes for diverse groups of youths, and contextual explanations (ie, discrimination) for differences by ethnicity or race.ObjectiveTo provide a descriptive illustration of changes in epigenetic age acceleration across childhood and adolescence among an ethnically and racially diverse sample of youths.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study leveraged longitudinal data on a large sample of youths from low-income households in 20 large urban US cities who provided repeated assessments of saliva tissue samples at ages 9 and 15 years for DNA methylation analysis. Of 4898 youths from the Future of Families and Child Well-Being study, an ongoing study that oversampled children born to unmarried parents from 1998 to 2000, 2039 were included in the present analysis, as these youths had salivary DNA methylation data assayed and publicly available. Analyses were conducted from March 2023 to June 2024.ExposuresRacialized intrusive encounters with police (eg, stop and frisk and racial slurs).Main Outcomes and MeasuresAnalyses were conducted to examine longitudinal changes in salivary epigenetic age acceleration over time, whether such changes varied across ethnically and racially diverse groups of youths, and whether police intrusion was associated with variation across ethnic and racial groups.ResultsAmong 2039 youths (mean [SD] age at baseline, 9.27 [0.38] years; 1023 [50%] male and 1016 [50%] female; 917 [45%] Black, 430 [21%] Hispanic or Latino, 351 [17%] White, and 341 [17%] other, including multiple races and self-identified other) with salivary epigenetic clocks at 9 and 15 years of age, longitudinal results showed that White youths exhibited less accelerated epigenetic aging over time than did Black and Hispanic or Latino youths and those reporting other or multiple races or ethnicities from ages 9 to 15 years, particularly in the Hannum (B, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.36-2.18), GrimAge (B, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.68-1.97), and DunedinPACE epigenetic clocks (B, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11-0.44). Across these clocks and the PhenoAge clock, police intrusion was associated with Black youths’ more accelerated epigenetic aging (Hannum: B, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.03-0.23; GrimAge: B, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03-0.18; PhenoAge: B, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.02-0.18; DunedinPACE: B, 0.01; 95% CI, 0.01-0.03).Conclusions and RelevanceThe transition from childhood to adolescence may represent a sensitive developmental period when racism can have long-term deleterious impacts on healthy human development across the life span. Future research should build on the present study and interrogate which social regularities and policies may be perpetuating discrimination against ethnically and racially minoritized adolescents.

中文翻译：

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儿童期和青少年期表观遗传年龄加速的纵向变化


重要性随着时间的推移，暴露于歧视的个体可能会表现出更大的表观遗传年龄加速（即过早衰老的细胞指标），但很少有研究检查表观遗传年龄加速的纵向变化、不同青年群体这些变化的异质性以及民族或种族差异的背景解释（即歧视）。目的描述性说明在民族和种族多样化的青年样本中，童年和青少年时期表观遗传年龄加速的变化。设计、设置和参与者这项队列研究利用了来自美国 20 个大城市低收入家庭的大量青少年样本的纵向数据，这些青少年在 9 岁和 15 岁时对唾液组织样本进行了重复评估以进行 DNA 甲基化分析。在来自“家庭和儿童福祉的未来”研究的 4898 名青年中，一项正在进行的研究对 1998 年至 2000 年未婚父母所生的孩子进行了过度抽样，2039 人被纳入本分析，因为这些青年的唾液 DNA 甲基化数据经过分析并公开可用。分析于 2023 年 3 月至 2024 年 6 月进行。主要结局和措施进行分析以检查唾液表观遗传年龄加速随时间的纵向变化，这种变化是否在不同民族和种族不同的青年群体中有所不同，以及警察入侵是否与民族和种族群体之间的差异有关。结果在 2039 名青年中 （基线时的平均 [SD] 年龄，9.27 [0.38] 年;1023 [50%] 男性和 1016 [50%] 女性;917 [45%] 黑人，430 [21%] 西班牙裔或拉丁裔，351 [17%] 白人和 341 [17%] 其他，包括多个种族和自我认同的其他人）在 9 岁和 15 岁时具有唾液表观遗传时钟，纵向结果表明，白人青年随着时间的推移表现出的表观遗传衰老加速程度低于黑人和西班牙裔或拉丁裔青年以及那些报告从 9 岁到 15 岁的其他或多个种族或族裔的人， 特别是在 Hannum （B， 1.54;95% CI， 0.36-2.18）、GrimAge （B， 1.31;95% CI， 0.68-1.97） 和 DunedinPACE 表观遗传时钟 （B， 0.27;95% CI， 0.11-0.44） 中。在这些时钟和 PhenoAge 时钟中，警察的侵入与黑人青年更加速的表观遗传衰老有关（Hannum：B，0.11;95% CI，0.03-0.23;GrimAge：B，0.09;95% CI，0.03-0.18;PhenoAge： B， 0.08;95% CI，0.02-0.18;但尼丁PACE： B， 0.01;95% CI，0.01-0.03）。结论和相关性从童年到青春期的过渡可能代表一个敏感的发展时期，种族主义会对人类一生中的健康发展产生长期的有害影响。未来的研究应该以目前的研究为基础，并询问哪些社会规律和政策可能会使对少数民族和种族少数化青少年的歧视长期存在。