Resistance training (RT) triggers diverse morphological and physiological adaptations that are broadly considered beneficial for performance enhancement as well as injury risk reduction. Some athletes and coaches therefore engage in, or prescribe, substantial amounts of RT under the assumption that continued increments in maximal strength capacity and/or muscle mass will lead to improved sports performance. In contrast, others employ minimal or no RT under the assumption that RT may impair endurance or sprint performances. However, the morphological and physiological adaptations by which RT might impair physical performance, the likelihood of these being evoked, and the training program specifications that might promote such impairments, remain largely undefined. Here, we discuss how selected adaptations to RT may enhance or impair speed and endurance performances while also addressing the RT program variables under which these adaptations are likely to occur. Specifically, we argue that while some myofibrillar (muscle) hypertrophy can be beneficial for increasing maximum strength, substantial hypertrophy can lead to macro- and microscopic adaptations such as increases in body (or limb) mass and internal moment arms that might, under some conditions, impair both sprint and endurance performances. Further, we discuss how changes in muscle architecture, fiber typology, microscopic muscle structure, and intra- and intermuscular coordination with RT may maximize speed at the expense of endurance, or maximize strength at the expense of speed. The beneficial effect of RT for sprint and endurance sports can be further improved by considering the adaptive trade-offs and practical implications discussed in this review.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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优化短跑和耐力运动员的阻力训练：平衡积极和消极的适应

抗阻训练 (RT) 会引发多种形态和生理适应，人们普遍认为这些适应有利于提高运动表现并降低受伤风险。因此，一些运动员和教练假设最大力量能力和/或肌肉质量的持续增加将导致运动表现的改善，从而进行或规定大量的RT。相比之下，其他人则认为 RT 可能会损害耐力或冲刺表现，因此只采用最少的 RT 或不采用 RT。然而，RT 可能损害身体表现的形态和生理适应、诱发这些适应的可能性以及可能促进这种损害的训练计划规范在很大程度上仍然没有明确。在这里，我们讨论对 RT 的选定适应如何增强或损害速度和耐力表现，同时还解决可能发生这些适应的 RT 程序变量。具体来说，我们认为，虽然一些肌原纤维（肌肉）肥大可能有利于增加最大力量，但大量肥大可以导致宏观和微观适应，例如身体（或肢体）质量和内部力臂的增加，在某些情况下可能会增加，损害冲刺和耐力表现。此外，我们还讨论了肌肉结构、纤维类型、微观肌肉结构以及与 RT 的肌内和肌间协调的变化如何以牺牲耐力为代价最大化速度，或以牺牲速度为代价最大化力量。通过考虑本综述中讨论的适应性权衡和实际意义，可以进一步提高 RT 对短跑和耐力运动的有益效果。

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