Invasive ungulates (hoofed mammals), including deer, feral pigs, feral goats, and feral sheep, are known to cause damage to agriculture, property, natural resources, and many other commodities. Most of the information regarding the economic impacts of wild ungulates is from North America, where some of these species are native. To evaluate invasive ungulate damage to livestock producers in the Hawaiian Islands, which have no native ungulates, a survey was distributed to livestock producers across the state.

中文翻译：

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入侵野生有蹄类动物对夏威夷畜牧生产者造成的损害的经济估计


已知入侵性有蹄类动物（有蹄哺乳动物），包括鹿、野猪、野山羊和野绵羊，会对农业、财产、自然资源和许多其他商品造成损害。有关野生有蹄类动物经济影响的大部分信息来自北美，其中一些物种是本地物种。为了评估入侵性有蹄类动物对夏威夷群岛没有本地有蹄类动物的畜牧生产者造成的损害，向全州的畜牧生产者分发了一项调查。