The Hunga volcano violently erupted on 15 January 2022, producing the largest perturbation of the stratospheric aerosol layer since Pinatubo 1991, despite the initially estimated modest injection of SO₂. This study presents novel SO₂ and sulfate aerosol (SA) co-retrievals from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, and uses them to quantify the initial progression of the Hunga plume. These observations are consistent with rapid conversion of SO₂ (e-folding time: 17.1 ± 4.3 days) to SA, with an injected burden of >1.0 Tg SO₂. This points at larger SO₂ injections than previously thought. A long-lasting SA plume was observed, with two separate build-up phases, and with a meridional dispersion of marked anomalies from the tropics to the higher southern hemispheric latitudes. A limited (∼20%) SA removal was observed after 1-year dispersion. The total injected SA mass burden was estimated at 1.6 ± 0.5 Tg in the total atmospheric column, with a build-up e-folding time of about 2 months.

中文翻译：

---

使用红外大气探测干涉仪 （IASI） 观测 2022 年 Hunga 火山喷发的 SO2 和硫酸盐气溶胶羽流


洪加火山于 2022 年 1 月 15 日猛烈喷发，尽管最初估计注入了适度的 SO₂，但对平流层气溶胶层产生了自 1991 年以来最大的扰动。本研究提出了红外大气探测干涉仪的新型 SO₂ 和硫酸盐气溶胶 （SA） 共检索，并使用它们来量化 Hunga 羽流的初始进展。这些观察结果与 SO₂ （e 折叠时间：17.1 ± 4.3 天）快速转化为 SA 一致，注射负荷为 >1.0 Tg SO₂。这表明 SO₂ 注射量比以前认为的要大。观察到一个持久的 SA 羽流，有两个独立的积累阶段，并且从热带到南半球较高的纬度地区，显著的异常呈经向分散。分散 1 年后观察到有限 （∼20%） 的 SA 去除。总进样 SA 质量负荷估计为总大气压柱中的 1.6 ± 0.5 Tg，积累 e 折叠时间约为 2 个月。