This comprehensive study explored the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions as a model pollutant, utilizing solar-driven photocatalysis with nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and composites with activated carbon (AC) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). This research introduces continuous solar reactor instead of conventional batch experiments investigating its design configuration. Utilizing response surface methodology (RSM), the study determined the optimal process conditions (MB concentration at 30 mg/L, pH 8.82, irradiation time 138 min), under which TiO₂ achieved a 93.13% MB removal efficiency. The study further revealed that the integration of TiO₂ with AC and RGO (5% wt.) significantly enhanced the MB photocatalytic degradation. The TiO₂/AC composite achieved 98.3% MB degradation in 138 min of solar exposure, related to its large specific surface area of 146 m²/g and a pore volume of 0.439 cm³/g. Likewise, the TiO₂/RGO composite demonstrated 97% removal with a surface area of 102 m²/g and a pore volume of 0.476 cm³/g, significantly better than nano-TiO₂. Additionally, the research investigated the role of the solar reactor configuration on MB removal. Using 26 mm Pyrex tube diameter with 15 cm long on parabolic aluminum concentrator inclined at 30° optimally achieved the peak MB degradation efficiency. Recyclability tests shown a noticeable decrease in nano-TiO₂ efficiency to 56.03% without regeneration; however, after regeneration following the third cycle, the efficiency significantly recovered to 70.07%. Thereby, this paper introduces an innovative, continuous, and well-designed solar reactor system for dye removal, employing nano-TiO₂ and its composites with AC and RGO for improved photocatalytic efficiency under statistically optimized process conditions.

这项综合研究探索了利用太阳能驱动的光催化纳米级二氧化钛 （TiO₂） 以及与活性炭 （AC） 和还原氧化石墨烯 （RGO） 的复合材料从水溶液中去除亚甲基蓝 （MB） 作为模型污染物。本研究引入了连续太阳能反应器，而不是传统的批量实验来研究其设计配置。利用响应面法 （RSM），该研究确定了最佳工艺条件（MB 浓度为 30 mg/L，pH 8.82，照射时间 138 分钟），在此条件下，TiO₂ 实现了 93.13% 的 MB 去除效率。该研究进一步揭示了 TiO₂ 与 AC 和 RGO （5% wt.） 的结合显着增强了 MB 光催化降解。TiO₂/AC 复合材料在 138 min 的太阳光照射下实现了 98.3% MB 的降解，这与其 146 m²/g 的大比表面积和 0.439 cm³/g 的孔体积有关。同样，TiO₂/RGO 复合材料表现出 97% 的去除率，表面积为 102 m²/g，孔体积为 0.476 cm³/g，明显优于纳米 TiO₂。此外，该研究还调查了太阳能反应堆配置对去除 MB 的影响。在倾斜 30° 的抛物面铝集中器上使用直径为 26 mm 的 Pyrex 管和 15 cm 长的热热玻璃管，可以最佳地实现峰值 MB 降解效率。可回收性测试显示，在没有再生的情况下，纳米 TiO₂ 的效率明显下降至 56.03%;然而，在第 3 次循环后再生后，效率显着恢复到 70.07%。 因此，本文介绍了一种创新的、连续的、设计良好的太阳能反应器系统用于染料去除，采用纳米 TiO₂ 及其复合材料与 AC 和 RGO 在统计优化的工艺条件下提高光催化效率。