Agricultural systems strongly impact ecosystems by driving terrestrial degradation, water depletion, and climate change. The Life Cycle Assessment allows for comprehensive analyses of the environmental impacts of food production. Nonetheless, its application still faces challenges due to cropping systems’ increased complexity and multifunctionality. Past research has emphasized the need for more holistic approaches to consider dynamic crop interactions and diverse functions of cropping systems, beyond just meeting the demand for foods and feeds. In this context, this study applied an alternative combined and multifunctional modelling approach to compare the environmental performances of two durum wheat cropping systems. The latter differed in crop rotation schedules, farming methods, tillage techniques, and genotypes grown (including both modern and old ones). Novel methodological choices were adopted in this study, aiming at best representing the complexity and peculiarities of these systems, by considering crop rotation effects and reflecting the main durum wheat stakeholders’ perspectives. The results showed that the organic low-input landrace-growing system (Case 1) had considerably lower environmental impacts than the conventional high-input one (Case 2), regardless of the functional unit. The environmental hotspots were the increased land occupation and the bare fallow for Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. At the endpoint level, the most affected impact categories for both the systems of analysis were land use, fine particulate matter formation, global warming (human health), and human non-carcinogenic toxicity. Also, the midpoint analysis pointed out important differences in terms of other assessed impact categories, with Case 1 better performing for the majority of them. The identified improvement solutions include the following: the enhancement of the yield performances and the optimization of nitrogen provision from the leguminous crop for Case1, the shift toward a more efficient rotational scheme, the reduction of the use of external inputs, and the avoidance of unnecessary soil tillage operations for Case 2.

农业系统通过推动陆地退化、水资源枯竭和气候变化，对生态系统产生重大影响。生命周期评估允许对食品生产对环境的影响进行全面分析。尽管如此，由于裁剪系统的复杂性和多功能性增加，其应用仍然面临挑战。过去的研究强调，除了满足对食物和饲料的需求之外，还需要更全面的方法来考虑动态作物相互作用和种植系统的多样化功能。在此背景下，本研究应用了另一种组合和多功能建模方法来比较两种硬粒小麦种植系统的环境绩效。后者在作物轮作时间表、耕作方法、耕作技术和种植的基因型（包括现代和旧基因型）方面有所不同。本研究采用了新颖的方法选择，旨在通过考虑作物轮作效应并反映主要硬粒小麦利益相关者的观点，最好地代表这些系统的复杂性和特点。结果表明，无论功能单元如何，有机低投入地方品种种植系统（案例 1）的环境影响都比传统的高投入系统（案例 2）低得多。环境热点分别为案例 1 和案例 2 的土地占用增加和裸露休耕。在终点层面，两个分析系统受影响最大的影响类别是土地利用、细颗粒物形成、全球变暖（人类健康）和人类非致癌毒性。 此外，中点分析指出了其他评估影响类别的重要差异，案例 1 对大多数影响类别的表现更好。确定的改进解决方案包括以下内容：案例 1 提高产量性能并优化豆科作物的氮供应，转向更高效的轮作方案，减少外部投入的使用，以及避免案例 2 不必要的土壤耕作操作。