Oxidative stress has long been implicated in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis, although the sources and regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are poorly defined. Pathogenic mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with increased kinase activity and a greater risk of PD. The substrates and downstream consequences of elevated LRRK2 kinase activity are still being elucidated, but overexpression of mutant LRRK2 has been associated with oxidative stress, and antioxidants reportedly mitigate LRRK2 toxicity. Here, using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited HEK293 cells, RAW264.7 macrophages, rat primary ventral midbrain cultures, and PD patient–derived lymphoblastoid cells, we found that elevated LRRK2 kinase activity was associated with increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation and that this was blocked by inhibitors of either LRRK2 kinase or NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2). Oxidative stress induced by the pesticide rotenone was ameliorated by LRRK2 kinase inhibition and was absent in cells devoid of LRRK2. In a rat model of PD induced by rotenone, a LRRK2 kinase inhibitor prevented the lipid peroxidation and NOX2 activation normally seen in nigral dopaminergic neurons in this model. Mechanistically, LRRK2 kinase activity was shown to regulate phosphorylation of serine-345 in the p47 phox subunit of NOX2. This, in turn, led to translocation of p47 phox from the cytosol to the membrane-associated gp91 phox (NOX2) subunit, activation of the NOX2 enzyme complex, and production of ROS. Thus, LRRK2 kinase activity may drive cellular ROS production in PD through the regulation of NOX2 activity.

中文翻译：

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LRRK2 调节帕金森病细胞和动物模型中活性氧的产生


氧化应激长期以来一直与帕金森病 （PD） 的发病机制有关，尽管活性氧 （ROS） 产生的来源和调节尚不清楚。编码富含亮氨酸的重复激酶 2 （LRRK2） 的基因的致病性突变与激酶活性增加和 PD 风险增加有关。LRRK2 激酶活性升高的底物和下游后果仍在阐明中，但突变体 LRRK2 的过表达与氧化应激有关，据报道抗氧化剂可减轻 LRRK2 毒性。在这里，使用 CRISPR-Cas9 基因编辑的 HEK293 细胞、RAW264.7 巨噬细胞、大鼠原代腹侧中脑培养物和 PD 患者来源的淋巴母细胞样细胞，我们发现 LRRK2 激酶活性升高与 ROS 产生和脂质过氧化增加有关，并且这被 LRRK2 激酶或 NADPH 氧化酶 2 （NOX2） 的抑制剂阻断。农药鱼藤酮诱导的氧化应激被 LRRK2 激酶抑制改善，并且在缺乏 LRRK2 的细胞中不存在。在鱼藤酮诱导的 PD 大鼠模型中，LRRK2 激酶抑制剂阻止了该模型中黑质多巴胺能神经元中通常见的脂质过氧化和 NOX2 激活。从机制上讲，LRRK2 激酶活性被证明可调节 NOX2 的 p47 phox 亚基中丝氨酸-345 的磷酸化。这反过来又导致 p47 phox 从胞质溶胶转位到膜相关 gp91 phox （NOX2） 亚基，激活 NOX2 酶复合物，并产生 ROS。因此，LRRK2 激酶活性可能通过调节 NOX2 活性来驱动 PD 中细胞 ROS 的产生。