Purpose of Review

Climate change has profoundly impacted the Earth's atmospheric system and altered the terrestrial water cycle, reshaping the spatiotemporal patterns of hydrological extremes, including floods and droughts. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in understanding the response of hydrological extremes to climate change in both past and future.

Recent Findings

Historical floods driven by heavy rainfall are increasing, while those dominated by snow processes are decreasing, resulting in non-significant changes on a global average. Previously overestimated droughts, due to inaccuracies in hydrological modules within offline diagnostic metrics, have been corrected by advanced modeling results, also revealing minimal historical changes on a global scale. Earth system simulations project concurrent increases in both floods and droughts under future climate change scenarios.

Summary

Climate change influences hydrological extremes across various scales, with diverse spatial distributions and underlying mechanisms. Decision-makers should integrate multi-source information to enhance the monitoring and adaptation of hydrological extremes, particularly focusing on abrupt drought-flood alternations.

中文翻译：

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气候变化和水文极端事件

 审查目的

气候变化对地球的大气系统产生了深远的影响，改变了陆地水循环，重塑了包括洪水和干旱在内的极端水文事件的时空模式。本文旨在总结过去和未来在理解极端水文对气候变化的响应方面的最新进展。

 最新发现

由强降雨引发的历史洪水正在增加，而由降雪过程主导的洪水正在减少，导致全球平均水平没有显著变化。由于离线诊断指标中水文模块的不准确，以前高估了干旱，现在已经通过高级建模结果得到了纠正，也揭示了全球范围内的最小历史变化。地球系统模拟预测，在未来气候变化情景下，洪水和干旱将同时增加。

 总结

气候变化在各种尺度上影响着极端水文事件，具有不同的空间分布和潜在机制。决策者应整合多源信息，以加强对极端水文事件的监测和适应，特别是关注突然的旱涝交替。