Diet and nutritional metabolites exhibit wide-ranging effects on health and disease partly by altering tissue composition and function. With rapidly rising rates of obesity, there is particular interest in how obesogenic diets influence tissue homeostasis and risk of tumorigenesis; epidemiologically, these diets have a positive correlation with various cancers, including colorectal cancer. The gastrointestinal tract is a highly specialized, continuously renewing tissue with a fundamental role in nutrient uptake and is, in turn, influenced by diet composition and host metabolic state. Intestinal stem cells are found at the base of the intestinal crypt and can generate all mature lineages that comprise the intestinal epithelium and are uniquely influenced by host diet, metabolic by-products and energy dynamics. Similarly, tumour growth and metabolism can also be shaped by nutrient availability and host diet. In this Review, we discuss how different diets and metabolic changes influence intestinal stem cells in homeostatic and pathological conditions, as well as tumorigenesis. We also discuss how dietary changes and composition affect the intestinal epithelium and its surrounding microenvironment.

饮食和营养代谢物对健康和疾病表现出广泛的影响，部分是通过改变组织组成和功能。随着肥胖率的迅速上升，人们对致肥胖饮食如何影响组织稳态和肿瘤发生风险特别感兴趣;从流行病学上讲，这些饮食与包括结直肠癌在内的各种癌症呈正相关。胃肠道是一种高度专业化、不断更新的组织，在营养吸收中起着重要作用，反过来又受到饮食成分和宿主代谢状态的影响。肠道干细胞位于肠隐窝的底部，可以产生构成肠上皮的所有成熟谱系，并受到宿主饮食、代谢副产物和能量动力学的独特影响。同样，肿瘤的生长和代谢也可能受到营养可用性和宿主饮食的影响。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了不同的饮食和代谢变化如何影响稳态和病理条件下的肠道干细胞，以及肿瘤发生。我们还讨论了饮食变化和成分如何影响肠上皮及其周围微环境。