Vascularization is a major challenge in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Mechanical factors have been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis and can affect the architecture of the generated vascular network. Through the regulation of mechanical factors in engineered tissues, various mechanical strategies can be used to optimize the preformed vascular network and promote its rapid integration with host vessels. Optimization of the mechanical properties of scaffolds, including controlling scaffold stiffness, increasing surface roughness and anisotropic structure, and designing interconnected, hierarchical pore structures, is beneficial for the in vitro formation of vascular networks and the ingrowth of host blood vessels. The incorporation of hollow channels into scaffolds promotes the formation of patterned vascular networks. Dynamic stretching and perfusion can facilitate the formation and maturation of preformed vascular networks in vitro. Several indirect mechanical strategies provide sustained mechanical stimulation to engineered tissues in vivo, which further promotes the vascularization of implants within the body. Additionally, stiffness gradients, anisotropic substrates and hollow channels in scaffolds, as well as external cyclic stretch, boundary constraints and dynamic flow culture, can effectively regulate the alignment of vascular networks, thereby promoting better integration of prevascularized engineered tissues with host blood vessels. This review summarizes the influence and contribution of both scaffold-based and external stimulus-based mechanical strategies for vascularization in tissue engineering and elucidates the underlying mechanisms involved.

中文翻译：

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促进组织工程和再生医学血管形成的机械策略。


血管形成是组织工程和再生医学领域的一项重大挑战。机械因素已被证明在血管生成和血管生成中起着重要作用，并且可以影响生成的血管网络的结构。通过调节工程组织中的机械因素，可以使用各种机械策略来优化预先形成的血管网络并促进其与宿主血管的快速整合。优化支架的机械性能，包括控制支架刚度、增加表面粗糙度和各向异性结构，以及设计相互连接的分层孔结构，有利于血管网络的体外形成和宿主血管的向内生长。将空心通道整合到支架中促进了图案化血管网络的形成。动态拉伸和灌注可以促进体外预先形成的血管网络的形成和成熟。几种间接机械策略为体内工程组织提供持续的机械刺激，从而进一步促进体内植入物的血管化。此外，支架中的刚度梯度、各向异性基质和中空通道，以及外部循环拉伸、边界约束和动态流动培养，可以有效调节血管网络的排列，从而促进血管前工程组织与宿主血管更好地整合。本文总结了基于支架和基于外部刺激的机械策略对组织工程中血管化的影响和贡献，并阐明了所涉及的潜在机制。