PURPOSE To investigate the effect of exercise intensity on standing shooting performance and related technical variables in elite biathletes performing roller skiing and live shooting outdoors. METHODS Nineteen male biathletes performed two 5-shot series in the following order of exercise intensity: rest, low (%heart rate max 73 ± 4; blood lactate 1.5 ± 0.3 mmol·L-1), moderate (84 ± 3; 2.4 ± 0.6), 'race-pace' (90 ± 2; 4.5 ± 0.8), and 'final-lap' (i.e., near-maximal effort: 93 ± 3; 8.7 ± 1.4). Except for rest, each shooting series was preceded by 1 km roller ski skating on a competition track. Rifle movements and triggering were determined from marker-based motion capture and accelerometer data. The primary variables were shooting outcome (hit/miss) and distance from center (dC), determined from an electronic target, and barrel velocity. Mediation analyses for shooting outcome and dC were conducted with barrel velocity (mean over last 0.25 s before triggering) as mediator and intensity as predictor. RESULTS Exercise intensity increased the likelihood of miss at 'race' (odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.7) and 'final-lap' (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.8) intensities compared to rest, with no meaningful differences between rest, low, and moderate intensities. Further, intensity affected dC (~32 ± 15 mm at rest, low, and moderate, 36 ± 20 mm at 'race', and 40 ± 23 mm at 'final-lap'; p < 0.001). Barrel velocity was a partial mediator of both shooting outcome and dC, explaining some, but not all, of the effect of intensity. CONCLUSIONS Exercise intensity seems to have a clear negative effect on standing shooting performance in biathlon, which is partially explained by an increase in barrel velocity. Deteriorating effects were mainly seen at the two highest (race-like) intensities. Accordingly, for specificity reasons, more shooting practice should perhaps be performed at higher, competition-like exercise intensities than what is currently the norm.

中文翻译：

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运动强度对户外轮滑期间冬季两项站立射击表现和步枪运动的影响。


目的 探讨运动强度对精英冬季两项运动员在户外进行轮滑和实况射击的站立射击表现和相关技术变量的影响。方法 19 名男性冬季两项运动员按照运动强度顺序进行了 2 次 5 次射击系列：休息、低（%心率最大 73 ± 4;血乳酸 1.5 ± 0.3 mmol·L-1）、中等（84 ± 3;2.4 ± 0.6）、“比赛速度”（90 ± 2;4.5 ± 0.8）和“最后一圈”（即接近最大努力：93 ± 3;8.7 ± 1.4）。除了休息之外，每个射击系列之前都会在比赛跑道上进行 1 公里的轮滑。步枪运动和触发是根据基于标记的动作捕捉和加速度计数据确定的。主要变量是射击结果（命中/未命中）和距中心距离 （dC），由电子目标确定，以及枪管速度。以枪管速度 （触发前最后 0.25 秒的平均值） 作为中介，强度作为预测因子，对射击结果和 dC 进行中介分析。结果 与休息相比，运动强度增加了“比赛”（比值比 （OR） 2.2,95% CI 1.0-4.7）和“最后一圈”（OR 2.8,95% CI 1.4-5.8）强度的错过的可能性，休息、低强度和中等强度之间没有有意义的差异。此外，强度影响了 dC（静息、低和中度时 ~32 ± 15 毫米，“比赛”时为 36 ± 20 毫米，“最后一圈”时为 40 ± 23 毫米;p < 0.001）。枪管速度是射击结果和 dC 的部分中介，解释了强度的部分但不是全部影响。结论 运动强度似乎对冬季两项的站立射击表现有明显的负面影响，部分原因是桶速的增加。恶化的影响主要出现在两个最高 （类似种族） 强度下。 因此，出于特殊性的原因，也许应该以比目前常态更高的、类似比赛的运动强度进行更多的射击练习。